Instructions:
There are two statements, Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
1.
Assertion (A) Artists used female figures to personify nations in the
18th and 19th centuries.
Reason (R) It was easier to represent abstract ideas like a nation
through a human form.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are tue and R is the correct explanation
of A
2.
Assertion (A) The decline of the Ottoman Empire created a power vacuum
in the Balkans.
Reason (R) The Balkan states were content with Ottoman rule and showed
no interest in independence.
Answer
Answer: (c) The decline of the Ottoman Empire did indeed create a
power vacuum in the Balkans, as Assertion states. However, Reason is false
because the Balkan states were not content with Ottoman rule; rather, they
actively sought independence.
3.
Assertion (A) The European powers rivalry in the Balkans contributed
to the outbreak of World War I.
Reason (R) The competition for control over the region created tension
and conflict.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true andR is the correct explanation
of A
4.
Assertion (A) Nationalism in Europe became more aggressive and less
idealistic by the late 19th century.
Reason (R) Nationalist groups became more tolerant and less powerful.
Answer
Answer: (c) Assertion is true because nationalism did become more
aggressive and less idealistic by the late 19th century. Reason is false
because nationalist groups did not become more tolerant and less powerful;
in fact, they often became more intolerant and sought greater power.
5.
Assertion (A) The English Parliament played a key role in creating a
British nation-state.
Reason (R) It helped extend English influence over other regions
through legislation.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A
6.
Assertion (A) The formation of Asia involved suppressing Scottish
culture and institutions.
Reason (R) The Act of Union meant English dominance and marginalisation
of Scottish identity.
Answer
Answer: (d) Assertion is false because the formation of Asia did
not involve suppressing Scottish culture and institutions. Reason is true
because the Act of Union did result in English dominance and
marginalisation of Scottish identity.
7.
Assertion (A) Romantic nationalism fueled the conflicts in the
Balkans.
Reason (R) It emphasised historical glories and a strong sense of
national identity.
Answer
Answer:(a) Assertion is true because Romantic nationalism did
indeed contribute to the conflicts in the Balkans. Reason is also true as
it accurately describes the emphasis of Romantic nationalism on historical
glories and national identity. Reason logically explains why Romantic
nationalism would fuel conflicts in the Balkans.
8.
Assertion (A) The process of forming the British nation is a unique
historical event.
Reason (R) Many nations are formed through conquest and dominance by a
ruling group.
Answer
Answer: (d) Assertion is false because the process of forming the
British nation is not entirely unique; it shares similarities with other
nations formed through conquest and dominance. Reason is true as many
nations indeed emerge through the dominance of a ruling group.
9.
Assertion (A) On Prussian initiative 'Zolleverin' Custom Union was
formed. (2024)
Reason (R) It was to create unified economic territory allowing the
unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation
of A
10.
Assertion (A) Napoleon's Freneh arny broupht democracy andl
accountability in governance across Burope by 1804.
Reason (R) Napoleon simplified administrative dlivisions, abolished the
feudal system and Ireed peasants Irom serfdonn and manorial dues
Answer
Answer: (d) A is false, but R is true
11.
Assertion (A) Many artists and poets within Europe made paintings and
wrote poems to highlight the plight of Grecks under the Ottoman empire.
Reason (R)Many Europeans had sympathies for ancient Greek culture and
supported the work of Greek nationalists.
Answer
Answer:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A
12.
Assertion (A) The success of the Greek War of Independence directly
led to similar uprisings in other parts of Europe.
Reason (R) The war showcased the power of nationalism in achieving
independence from empires.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A
13.
Assertion (A) Language played a minor role in shaping national
identity during the 19th century.
Reason (R) The Polish people used their language as a tool of
resistance against forced assimilation.
Answer
Answer: (d) A is false, but R is true
14.
Assertion (A) The educated middle class played a leading role in the
revolutions of 1830 in Europe.
Reason (R) They felt excluded from political power and desired greater
representation in government.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q 15.
Assertion (A): Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German
culture was to be discovered among the common people.
Reason (R): It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that
the true spirit of nation volksgeist was to be popularised.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q 16. Assertion (A): Developments in France influenced Greek war of
Independence which began in the year 1821 against the Ottoman Empire.
Reason (R): Giuseppe Garibaldi was a French artist who visualised
people of Europe marching in a long chain.
Answer
Answer: c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Q 17. Assertion (A): By the settlement of Vienna, Belgium was annexed
to Holland to set up a powerful state in North-East border of France.
Reason (R): In the revolution of 1848, men and women of middle-classes
continued their demands for constitutionalism.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q 18. Assertion (A): Italy was divided into seven states, of which only
one was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Reason (R): The North was under the domination of the Bourbon Kings of
Spain.
Answer
Answer: c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Q 19. Assertion (A): From the very beginning, the French
revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices like the idea of la
patrie and le citoyen.
Reason (R): This was done to create a sense of collective identity
amongst the French people.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q 20. Assertion (A): The aim of Zollverein is to bind the Germans
economically into a nation.
Reason (R): It ought to awaken and raise national sentiment through a
fusion of individual and provincial interests.
Answer
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A
Q 21. Assertion (A): The anti-imperial movements that developed
everywhere during the First World War were nationalist.
Reason (R): All the movements struggled to form independent
nation-states.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q 22. Assertion (A): After Russian occupation in Poland, the Russian
language was imposed on its people.
Reason (R): The use of Polish soon come to be a symbol of struggle
against Russian dominance.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q 23. Assertion (A): Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against
contractors in 1845.
Reason (R): Contractors had drastically reduced their payments.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
Q24. Assertion (A) : Giuseppe Mazzini worked with the conservatives for
the monarchy.
Reason (R) : Italy had to continue to be a patchwork of small states
and kingdoms.
Answer
Answer: (d) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his
vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Italy had to
be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of
nations/ It could not be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. Thus
both assertion and reason are false.
Q25.
Assertion (A) : Italy was divided into seven states, of which only
one was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Reason (R) : The north was under the domination of the Bourbon kings of
Spain.
Answer
Answer: (c) Italy was divided into seven states of which only one,
Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was
under Austrian Habsburgs and the southern regions were under the
domination of The Bourbon kings of Spain. Therefore assertion is true but
reason is false.
Q26.
Assertion (A) : Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into
kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
Reason (R) : They were closely bound to each other in spite of their
autonomous rule.
Answer
Answer: (c) Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into
kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous
territories. Diverse people lived within the territories. They did not
share a collective identity or a common culture. They spoke different
languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties
binding them.
Q27.
Assertion (A) : Culture played an important role in creating the
idea of the nation.
Reason (R) : Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors
who supplied raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but
drastically reduced their payments.
Answer
Answer: (b) Culture played an important role in creating the idea
of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape
nationalist feelings. The year 1848 was a year when rise in food prices or
a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
Earlier in 1845, a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and
marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher
wages and led a revolt. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Q28.
Assertion (A) : On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted
in the Frankfurt parliament.
Reason (R) : The elected representatives revolted against the issue of
extending political rights to women.
Answer
Answer:(d) On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a
festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament
convened in the Church of St Paul. The issue of extending political rights
to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which
large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
Therefore, both assertion and reason are false
Q29.
Assertion (A) : The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak
their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were
forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Reason (R) : The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish
their dominance over a largely Catholic country.
Answer
Answer: (b) This situation refers to the unification of Britain,
Assertion refers to Scotland and how they suffered because of the
long-drawn-out process. Their culture and political institutions were
systematically suppressed. However, the reason refers to how the Irishmen
suffered in the hands of Englishmen as it was a country deeply divided
between the Catholics and Protestants. It was largely a Catholic country
but the Protestants got support from the English to suppress the Catholic
revolts. It does not explain the assertion.
Q30.
Assertion (A) : From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries
introduced various measures and practices like the idea of la patrie and le
citoyen.
Reason (R) : This was done to create a sense of collective identity
amongst the French people.
Answer
Answer: (a) The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people
who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. From the
very beginning, the French Revolutionaries introduced various measures and
practices that would create a sense of collective identity amongst the
French people. The centralized administrative system was one of the
measures taken for making uniform laws for all citizens within its
territory.
Q31.
Assertion(A): Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1815.
Reason(R): The main objective was to undo the changes that had come about in Europe during Napoleonic wars.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q32.
Assertion(A): Initially Napoleon was welcomed by people but later people lost faith in him.
Reason(R): Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies created hostile situation.
Answer
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q33.
Assertion(A): Civil code of 1805 is also known as Napoleonic Code.
Reason(R): Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
Answer
Answer:(d) A is false but R is true
Q34.
Assertion(A): The ideas of la patire ( the fatherland) and le citoyen ( the citizen) emphasized the notion of united community.
Reason(R): German revolutionaries introduced measures that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer
Answer: (c) A is true but R is false
Q35.
Assertion (A): A customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia.
Reason(R): Tariff barriers were abolished and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
Answer
Answer:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q.36
Assertion (A): Frédéric Sorrieu’s print of 1848 shows shattered symbols of absolutist institutions on the ground.
Reason (R): Sorrieu imagined a world where monarchy would be strengthened through national unity.
Answer
Answer:c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Sorrieu’s print depicts the destruction of symbols of absolutism, representing the defeat of monarchist rule in favor of democratic ideals. His vision was not about strengthening monarchy, but about establishing democratic republics.
Q.37
Assertion (A): The tricolour flag of France in Sorrieu’s print symbolises the revolution and liberal nationalism.
Reason (R): The tricolour became a symbol of monarchist restoration in Europe after 1815.
Answer
Answer:c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: The tricolour flag in Sorrieu’s print represents revolutionary and liberal ideals, not monarchist restoration. After 1815, the tricolour was associated with the ideals of the French Revolution.
Q.38
Assertion (A): Ernst Renan believed that a nation is a large-scale solidarity built through shared past sacrifices.
Reason (R): According to Renan, a nation is formed mainly through common race, religion, and language.
Answer
Answer:c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Renan argued that a nation is formed through shared history, struggles, and a collective will, not by race, religion, or language. His theory emphasizes solidarity built from a common past, not fixed characteristics.
Q.39
Assertion (A): In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, each group is identified by distinct national costumes and flags.
Reason (R): The use of such symbols reflected the growing idea of unity among diverse cultural groups.
Answer
Answer:a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Sorrieu used distinct national symbols to emphasize unity in diversity. These symbols reflect how national identities were being formed and consolidated through the shared aspirations of different peoples.
Q.40
Assertion (A): Andreas Rebmann’s almanac cover of 1798 depicted the storming of the Bastille alongside a fortress in Kassel.
Reason (R): Rebmann aimed to inspire German people to fight against despotic rule, just like the French revolutionaries.
Answer
Answer:a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: In 1798, Andreas Rebmann, a German Jacobin, designed an almanac cover showing:
The French storming Bastille (symbol of tyranny).
A similar fortress in Kassel (symbol of German despotism).
He used the slogan: “The people must seize their own freedom!”
Purpose: To motivate Germans to rise against autocratic rulers — just like the French had done.
Q.41
Assertion (A): Napoleon introduced revolutionary administrative reforms in the territories he conquered.
Reason (R): The Napoleonic Code abolished feudal privileges, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
Answer
Answer:a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The Assertion says Napoleon introduced revolutionary reforms. The Reason explains that the Napoleonic Code was one of these reforms, which removed old privileges, made everyone equal before the law, and protected property rights. These changes were part of what made Napoleon’s reforms revolutionary.
Q.42.
Assertion (A) : Language, too, played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
Reason (R) : After Russian occupation, the Polish language was welcomed in schools and the Russian language was forced out.
Answer
Answer:(c) A is true but R is false.
Q.43.
Assertion (A) : During the years following 1818, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground.
Reason (R) : Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
Answer
Answer:(d) A is false but R is true.
Q.44.
Assertion (A) : During the 1830s, Giuseppe Garibaldi had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
Reason (R) : Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democratic.
Answer
Answer:(d) A is false but R is true.
Q.45.
Assertion (A) : The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.
Reason (R) : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
Answer
Answer:(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q.46.
Assertion (A) : The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
Reason (R) : National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.
Answer
Answer:(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
