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Saturday, August 31, 2024

Oceans and Continents (SOCIAL SCIENCE) CLASS 6

Exploring Society: India and Beyond

2. Oceans and Continents

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Explain the following terms:

(a) Continent

(b) Ocean

Ans: Here are the explanations for the given terms:

(a) Continent:

A continent is a large, continuous area of land that is separated by oceans. There are seven continents:

1. Africa

2. Antarctica

3. Asia

4. Australia

5. Europe

6. North America

7. South America

(b) Ocean:

An ocean is a vast, continuous body of saltwater that covers over 70% of the Earth's surface. There are five oceans:

1. Pacific Ocean

2. Atlantic Ocean

3. Indian Ocean

4. Arctic Ocean

5. Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean)

Oceans are interconnected and form a single, global ocean system.

(c) Island:

An island is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on all sides. Islands can be found in oceans, seas, lakes, or rivers. They can vary greatly in size, shape, and geography.

Some key characteristics of islands include:

- Being surrounded by water

- Being separate from continents or other landmasses

- Having a distinct geographical or cultural identity

Examples of islands include Hawaii, Great Britain, and Madagascar.

2. Let us draw – Without looking at the maps in this chapter, draw the continents free hand on a sheet of paper and colour them. Then compare your drawing with the map of oceans and continents in the chapter.

Ans: Do yourself

3. Let us do – On the outline map of the world given below, label all the continents and oceans.

Ans:

The Big Questions

1. What are oceans and continents? What are their names and their distribution?

Ans: Oceans and continents are the two major geographical features of the Earth's surface.

Oceans:

There are 5 oceans, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface:

1. Pacific Ocean (155.6 million km²): Largest ocean, between Asia, Australia, and the Americas.

2. Atlantic Ocean (85.1 million km²): Second-largest ocean, between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

3. Indian Ocean (73.5 million km²): Between Asia, Africa, and Australia.

4. Arctic Ocean (14.0 million km²): Smallest and coldest ocean, surrounding the North Pole.

5. Southern Ocean (20.3 million km²): Also known as the Antarctic Ocean, surrounding Antarctica.

Continents:

There are 7 continents, making up about 30% of the Earth's surface:

1. Africa (30.3 million km²): Second-largest continent, home to 55 countries.

2. Antarctica (14.0 million km²): Smallest and coldest continent, covered in ice.

3. Asia (44.5 million km²): Largest continent, home to 49 countries.

4. Australia (7.7 million km²): Smallest continent, also an island country.

5. Europe (10.1 million km²): Home to 50 countries.

6. North America (21.5 million km²): Includes the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

7. South America (17.8 million km²): Home to 12 countries.

These oceans and continents are distributed across the globe, with the oceans surrounding the continents and covering most of the Earth's surface.

2. In what ways do oceans and continents impact life on Earth, including human life?

Ans: Oceans and continents significantly impact life on Earth, including human life, in numerous ways:

Oceans:

1. Regulate climate: Oceans absorb and store heat, influencing global temperatures and weather patterns.

2. Provide food: Oceans are a primary source of food, with billions relying on fish and seafood as a protein source.

3. Support biodiversity: Oceans host a vast array of marine life, from tiny plankton to massive blue whales.

4. Influence weather patterns: Oceans evaporate water vapor, driving precipitation and weather cycles.

5. Moderate Earth's chemistry: Oceans absorb and process nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other essential elements.

6. Facilitate transportation: Oceans enable global trade, commerce, and travel via shipping lanes.

7. Impact human health: Oceans provide medicinal resources, and their state affects human well-being (e.g., ocean pollution).

Continents:

1. Support terrestrial life: Continents provide habitat for diverse plant and animal species.

2. Influence climate: Continents absorb and reflect solar radiation, affecting local climates.

3. Host freshwater sources: Continents contain rivers, lakes, and groundwater, essential for human consumption.

4. Enable agriculture: Continents provide fertile land for farming, supporting global food security.

5. Impact human settlement: Continents shape human migration, urbanization, and cultural development.

6. Hold mineral resources: Continents contain essential mineral deposits, driving economic activity.

7. Affect global politics: Continents influence international relations, borders, and conflicts.

Interplay between oceans and continents:

1. Coastal interactions: Oceans shape coastlines, affecting human settlement, trade, and recreation.

2. Water cycles: Oceans and continents exchange water through evaporation, precipitation, and runoff.

3. Nutrient exchange: Oceans and continents exchange nutrients, influencing marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In summary, oceans and continents are intricately connected and impact life on Earth in countless ways, from regulating climate and supporting biodiversity to facilitating human transportation and influencing global politics.

LET’S EXPLORE

1. What are the circular lines in each map called? And do you know what the lines radiating out of the two poles are called?
(Hint: you studied them in the previous chapter, but here they are presented differently.)

Ans: The circular lines on a map are called parallels of latitudes. They are imaginary lines that run east-west, parallel to the Equator, and measure distance north or south of the Equator.

The lines radiating out of the two poles are called meridians or longitudes. They are imaginary lines that run north-south, converging at the poles, and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (which passes through Greenwich, England).

- Latitudes (parallels):

- Measure distance north or south of the Equator (0° latitude)

- Range from 0° to 90° North (N) or South (S)

- Longitudes (meridians):

- Measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude)

- Range from 0° to 180° East (E) or West (W)

Together, latitudes and longitudes form a grid system that allows us to pinpoint any location on the Earth's surface.

2. Which hemisphere holds more water?

Ans: The Southern Hemisphere holds more water than the Northern Hemisphere. Here's a breakdown:

- Oceans covering the Southern Hemisphere: 81% (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Southern Oceans)

- Oceans covering the Northern Hemisphere: 61% (Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans)

This is because the Southern Hemisphere has more oceanic area, with the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending further south than their northern counterparts. Additionally, the Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica, adding to the hemisphere's water coverage. In terms of landmass, the Northern Hemisphere has more land (67.3%) compared to the Southern Hemisphere (32.7%). However, when it comes to water, the Southern Hemisphere dominates.

3. What do you think could be the approximate proportion of water to land in the Northern Hemisphere? And in the Southern Hemisphere? Discuss in groups.

Ans: Based on the Earth's surface distribution, here are the approximate proportions of water to land in each hemisphere:

Northern Hemisphere:

- Water: around 60-65% (oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers)

- Land: around 35-40% (continents, islands, and underwater landmasses)

Southern Hemisphere:

- Water: around 80-85% (oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers)

- Land: around 15-20% (continents, islands, and underwater landmasses)

4. Are all the oceans connected with one another, or are there separations between them?

Ans: Yes, all the oceans are connected with one another, forming a single, continuous body of saltwater. They are interconnected through various straits, channels, and waterways, allowing ocean currents and marine life to flow between them.

Here are some examples of connections between oceans:

1. Strait of Gibraltar: Connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, which is then connected to the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal.

2. Bering Strait: Connects the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean.

3. Bosphorus and Dardanelles: Connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea, which is then connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar.

4. Panama Canal: Connects the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean.

5. Cape of Good Hope: Connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean.

6. Indonesian archipelago: Connects the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean through various straits and channels.

While there are no physical separations between the oceans, they are often divided into distinct bodies based on geographical, cultural, or historical reasons. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes the 5 oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern.

5.Locate the five oceans and, in the table below, mark the hemisphere or hemispheres they belong to.

Ans:With the help of given below image complete the table.

	Northern Hemisphere	Southern Hemisphere
Pacific Ocean	Northern Hemisphere✓	Southern Hemisphere
Atlantic Ocean	Northern Hemisphere✓	Southern Hemisphere
Indian Ocean	Northern Hemisphere	Southern Hemisphere✓
Southern Ocean	Northern Hemisphere	Southern Hemisphere✓
Arctic Ocean	Northern Hemisphere✓	Southern Hemisphere

THINK ABOUT IT

1.If there is such an abundance of water on the planet, why is there so much talk of ‘water scarcity’ or a ‘water crisis’?

Ans: Despite the abundance of water on Earth, there are several reasons why water scarcity and water crisis are significant concerns:

1. Freshwater availability: Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and most of it is trapped in glaciers, ice caps, and underground aquifers. Only a small fraction is readily available for human consumption.

2. Distribution and accessibility: Freshwater is not evenly distributed across the globe. Some regions have abundant water resources, while others face severe water scarcity.

3. Population growth and demand: The global population is increasing, leading to higher water demand for drinking, agriculture, industry, and energy production.

4. Water waste and inefficiency: Significant amounts of water are lost due to inefficiencies in distribution, consumption, and waste management.

5. Climate change: Climate change alters precipitation patterns, leading to droughts in some areas and floods in others, exacerbating water scarcity.

6. Water pollution: Water pollution from human activities, such as agriculture, industry, and urbanization, reduces the availability of safe and clean water.

7. Agricultural water usage: Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater usage, straining local water resources.

8. Urbanization and water infrastructure: Rapid urbanization puts pressure on aging water infrastructure, leading to water losses and inefficiencies.

9. Water management and governance: Inadequate water management, lack of regulation, and insufficient investment in water infrastructure contribute to water scarcity.

These factors combined create a water crisis, making it essential to address water management, conservation, and sustainability to ensure equitable access to this vital resource.

2. What ways of saving water are you aware of? Whichones have you seen practiced at home, at your school, and in your village, town or city?

Ans: Here are some ways to save water:

Home:

1. Fixing leaks and installing low-flow fixtures

2. Using water-efficient appliances

3. Taking shorter showers

4. Turning off taps while brushing teeth or washing hands

5. Using a water filter instead of bottled water

6. Collecting rainwater for non-potable uses

7. Using a dishwasher and washing machine with full loads

School:

1. Installing low-flow faucets and toilets

2. Implementing water-saving education programs

3. Encouraging students to report leaks

4. Using drought-resistant plants in landscaping

5. Implementing rainwater harvesting systems

Village, town, or city:

1. Implementing water-saving technologies like smart meters

2. Promoting water-efficient practices through public awareness campaigns

3. Implementing rainwater harvesting systems

4. Creating water-efficient parks and gardens

5. Implementing water recycling and reuse programs

6. Enforcing water-saving regulations and fines for excessive usage

7. Encouraging water-saving habits through community programs

Additional measures:

1. Using greywater (wastewater from sinks, showers, etc.) for irrigation

2. Implementing efficient irrigation systems

3. Using drought-resistant crops and plants

4. Covering swimming pools to reduce evaporation

5. Using water-efficient cleaning methods

Additional Questions and Answers

A. Answer the following in short.

1. When seen from outer space, the Earth appears mostly blue because- OR The earth is called the ‘blue planet’ because-

Ans: Most of the Earth’s surface is actually covered with water — almost three-fourths of the surface, in fact. That is why, when seen from outer space, the Earth appears mostly blue. Indeed, early astronauts lovingly called the Earth the ‘blue planet’.

2. Define the oceans.

Ans: The largest water bodies we see on the globe are called ‘oceans’.

3. How much part of the earth is covered with land?

Ans: One-fourth of the earth is covered with land.

4. What is the landmass and continent?

Ans: A large body of land is called a ‘landmass’, and a large continuous expanse of land is called a ‘continent’.

5. How do oceans and continents play a vital role in shaping the climate of the Earth?

Ans: Oceans and continents affect all aspects of life, including all plants and animals, and therefore, human life too. We see their impact throughout our history and culture, and in our daily lives.

6. State the meaning of ‘sea’, ‘bay’, ‘gulf’.

Ans: Here are the meanings of 'sea', 'bay', and 'gulf':

Sea:

1) A sea is a large body of saltwater that is usually connected to an ocean and is often partially enclosed by land.

2) Seas are typically smaller than oceans and may be partially separated from the open ocean by islands, peninsulas, or other landforms.

3) Examples of seas include the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Black Sea.

Bay:

1) A bay is a body of water that is partially enclosed by land, typically with a wide mouth opening into a larger body of water such as an ocean, sea, or lake.

2) Bays are often characterized by calm waters and may have a variety of shorelines, including beaches, cliffs, or mangroves.

3) Examples of bays include San Francisco Bay, Hudson Bay, and Guantánamo Bay.

Gulf:

1) A gulf is a large body of water that is partially enclosed by land, similar to a bay, but typically larger and more deeply indented into the coastline.

2) Gulfs often have a narrow entrance and may be connected to an ocean or sea.

3) Examples of gulfs include the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of California.

Key differences:

- Size: Seas are generally larger than bays and gulfs.

- Connection: Seas are often directly connected to an ocean, while bays and gulfs are partially enclosed by land.

- Shape: Bays tend to have a more rounded or curved shape, while gulfs are often more deeply indented into the coastline.

These terms are not always strictly defined and may be used somewhat loosely or interchangeably in different contexts.

7. Define the flora and fauna.

Ans: Flora: The plant life of a particular region or period of time.

Fauna: The animal life of a particular region or period of time.

8. What does marine fauna consist of?

Ans: The marine fauna consists of thousands of species of colorful fish, dolphins, whales, and countless mysterious deep-sea creatures.

9. What are the main limits of the Indian Ocean?

Ans: The main limits of the Indian Ocean are Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east, apart from the Southern Ocean in the south.

10. What are the two major groups of islands in India?

Ans: Two major islands of India are Lakshadweep and Andman and Nicobar Island.

11. What is a cyclone? What are the types of cyclones?

Ans: A cyclone is a large-scale rotating air mass that forms over the ocean or atmosphere, characterized by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure at its center.

Cyclones can be classified into different types based on their intensity, location, and characteristics:

1. Tropical cyclones (also known as hurricanes or typhoons): Form over warm ocean waters in the tropics, with sustained winds of 119 km/h (74 mph) or higher.

2. Extratropical cyclones: Form outside the tropics, often associated with fronts and low-pressure systems, with sustained winds of less than 119 km/h (74 mph).

3. Subtropical cyclones: Form in the subtropics, with characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones.

4. Polar cyclones: Form in the polar regions, associated with cold air and strong winds.

Cyclones are fueled by the heat and moisture from the ocean, and can bring heavy rainfall, storm surges, and strong winds, leading to significant damage and loss of life.

Some notable types of cyclones include:

- Hurricanes (North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific)

- Typhoons (Northwest Pacific)

- Cyclonic storms (Indian Ocean and Southern Pacific)

- Willy-willies (Western Australia)

- Blizzards (polar regions)

12. What is a Tsunami?

Ans: A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that are extremely large and powerful, caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, usually as a result of an earthquake or volcanic eruption. Tsunamis can also be triggered by landslides, meteorite impacts, or other events that disrupt the ocean floor.

Tsunamis are characterized by:

1. High speed: Tsunami waves can travel at speeds of up to 500 miles per hour (800 kilometers per hour), much faster than normal ocean waves.

2. Long wavelength: Tsunami waves have a very long wavelength, often exceeding 100 miles (160 kilometers), which allows them to maintain their energy and travel long distances without losing power.

3. Low frequency: Tsunami waves have a low frequency, which means they have a long period between waves, often 10-60 minutes.

4. High amplitude: Tsunami waves can reach heights of over 100 feet (30 meters) as they approach the shore, causing widespread destruction and loss of life.

Tsunamis can cause catastrophic damage and loss of life when they reach the coast, including:

- Widespread flooding and inundation

- Destruction of buildings, infrastructure, and vegetation

- Loss of human life and displacement of communities

Early warning systems and evacuation plans are crucial for mitigating the impact of tsunamis. If you are in a coastal area and receive a tsunami warning, move immediately to higher ground or follow evacuation instructions from local authorities.

13. How do the oceans play a crucial role in regulating the climate and sustaining life on Earth?

Ans: 1. Without oceans there would be no rainfall.

2. The Earth would be a desert.

3. Moreover, more than half of the world’s oxygen is produced by the oceans’ flora, which is why they are called ‘the planet’s lungs’.

14. In what way oceans were useful in early times?

Ans: 1. From early times, people have used oceans and seas to migrate to other regions, to trade in all kinds of goods, to conduct military campaigns, and as a source of food through fishing.

2.Oceans have also nourished the cultures of coastal people all over the world.

15. Why do we observe June 8 as World Oceans Day?

Ans: We observe June 8 as World Oceans Day to remind us all of the major role the ocean plays in everyday life. It serves as the lungs of our planet, a major source of food and medicine and a critical part of the biosphere.

B. Answer the following in one sentence.

1.Name a Vedic deity associated with the oceans, the sky, and water in general.

Ans: Varuna

2. What does the emblem of the Indian Navy contains?

Ans: The emblem of the Indian Navy contains the motto Sam noh Varunah (pronounced ‘Śham no Varuṇah’), which means, “Be auspicious to us, O Varuna.”

3. What are the sources of freshwater on earth?

Ans: Freshwater is found in glaciers, rivers, lakes, in the atmosphere and also underground (the last is called ‘groundwater’).

4. Name the five major oceans.

Ans: The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean.

5. What is called algae?

Ans: The marine flora includes tiny plants called algae.

6. Which is the largest ocean in the world?

Ans: The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

7. Which is the third largest ocean in the world?

Ans: The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world.

8. Which is the smallest ocean in the world?

Ans: The Arctic Oceans is the smallest ocean in the world.

9. What are the two parts of the Indian Ocean?

Ans: On either side of India, we find two parts of the Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east.

10. How many continents are in the world?

Ans: There are seven continents in the world.

11. What are the two continents consist of in Eurasia?

Ans: Europe and Asia are part of Eurasia.

12. Who are Geologists?

Ans: Geologists are scientists who study the Earth's physical structure, composition, and processes.

13. What are the seven continents in the world?

Ans: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America are the seven continents in the world.

14. What does the five Olympic rings represent?

Ans: The rings were chosen to represent five inhabited continents — Africa, America, Asia, Australia and Europe.

15. What do Olympic Rings symbolize?

Ans: Olympic Rings symbolize the gathering of sportspeople from all over the world.

16. Write down the list of continents from the smallest to the largest.

Ans: Here is the list of continents in order from smallest to largest:

1. Australia

2. Antarctica

3. Europe

4. North America

5. South America

6. Africa

7. Asia

17. What are called Islands?

Ans: Islands are land masses that are surrounded by water on all sides. They can be found in oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers.

18. Where is the location of Andman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Island?

Ans: Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea

19. When did India establish its first scientific base station in Antarctica?

Ans: In 1983

20. What is the first scientific base station established in Antarctica?

Ans: Dakshin Gangotri

21. How many teams of Indian scientists have conducted research in the Antarctica region, especially on the evolution of climate and environment?

Ans:40

22. When did India strike by a powerful tsunami?

Ans: On 26 December 2004

23. What are the measures to detect the tsunami in India?

Ans: There is an Indian Ocean TsunamiWarning System, to take measures to protect lives and property.

24. Which agency is responsible for handling the disaster in India?

Ans: India has its own ‘National Disaster Management Authority’ to deal with all kinds of disasters

25. Since what time the Indian Antarctica Programme has been exploring Antarctica?

Ans: Since 1981

26. What is Dakshin Gangotri?

Ans:Dakshin Gangotri is India’s first scientific base station in Antarctica.

27. Who has designated June 8 as ‘World Oceans Day’?

Ans: The United Nations has designated June 8 as World Oceans Day.

28. Why are the oceans polluted?

Ans: The oceans are polluted by human activity — we throw several million tonnes of plastic waste into the oceans every year, choking marine life.

29. Why did marine life decline?

Ans: Overfishing (excessive fishing) and pollution are causes for the decline of marine life.

C. Fill in the blanks:

1. ____ is salty and unfit for consumption by most land animals, including humans.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: Seawater

2. The Southern Ocean is the fourth largest ocean in the world.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: Fourth

3. A ___ is a natural disaster that originates in the ocean.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: Tsunami

4. Events that lead to loss of life and property are handled under ____ management.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: disaster

5. _____ is the largest island in the world.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: Greenland

6. The settlement in Antarctica where the scientists live has a library and even a ____ office.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: post

7. The Earth’s surface has vast water bodies called ‘____’ and large landmasses called ‘____’.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: oceans, continents

D. State the following TRUE or FALSE.

1.Oceans and continents are distributed equally between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: FALSE

2. Pacific Ocean is the smallest ocean in the world.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: FALSE

3. India has its own ‘National Disaster Management Authority’ to deal with all kinds of disasters.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

4. There are lakhs of islands on the planet, of very different sizes.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

5. India has more than 1,300 small islands.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

6. Oceans and continents are vital parts of the environment and affect most aspects of our lives.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

7. Oceans are not interconnected.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: FALSE

8. The Northern Hemisphere has more land than the Southern Hemisphere.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

Solve this crossword (Refer Text Book Page No, 40)

Ans: Across

1. Abundantly produced by the oceans- OXYGEN

3. A large expanse of landmass -CONTINENT

6. A large continent of which India is a part -EURASIA

8. A major source of pollution of the oceans- PLASTIC

10. The coldest continent- ANTARCTICA

Down

2. The largest island on Earth-GREENLAND

4. A huge destructive wave from the ocean- TSUNAMI

5. The smallest continent-AUSTRALIA

7. The largest body of water on the Earth-OCEANIC

9. A landmass (but not a continent) surrounded by the sea or ocean- ISLAND

E. Choose the appropriate answer from the given below options.

1. Which one is known as ‘Blue Planet’?

(a) Earth

(b) Venus

(d) Jupiter

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Earth

2. A person who travels beyond the Earth's atmosphere, exploring space and working in space missions.

(a) geologist

(b) cartographer

(d) astronaut

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) astronaut

3. The largest water bodies we see on the globe are called-

(a) continent

(b) ocean

(d) valley

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) ocean

4. The part of land is — on the globe.

(a) two-third

(b) half

(d) one-seventh

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) one-fourth

5. A large body of land is called a—

(a) ocean

(b) atmosphere

(d) landmass

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) landmass

6. a large continuous expanse of land is called a —

(a) ocean

(b) atmosphere

(d) landmass

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) continent

7. Consider the following statements, Which of the following is/are correct statement/s?

1.Both oceans and continents play a vital role in shaping the climate of the Earth.

2.They affect all aspects of life, including all plants and animals, and therefore, human life too.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) Only statement 1 is correct

(b) Only statement 2 is correct

(d) Neither statement 1 nor statement 2 is correct

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct

8. ‘Sam noh Varunah’ is the motto of Indian —

(a) Army

(b) Navy

(d) NDRF

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Navy

9. Identify the following emblem.

(a) Army

(b) Navy

(d) NDRF

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Navy

10. A Vedic deity associated with the oceans, the sky, and water.

(a) Indra

(b) Som

(d) Vishnu

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) Varun

11. Which hemisphere holds more water?

(a) Northern

(b) Southern

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Northern

12. Which one is not the source of freshwater?

(a) glaciers

(b) rivers

(d) lakes

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) ocean

13. Which of these is not the ocean?

(a) the Pacific

(b) Australia

(d) the Atlantic

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Australia

14.Which one is not a marine species?

(a) colourful fish

(b) dolphins

(d) squirrel

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) squirrel

15. — is the largest ocean in the world.

(a) Southern Ocean

(b) Arctic Ocean

(d) Pacific Ocean

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) Pacific Ocean

16. The Indian Ocean is the — largest ocean in the world.

(a) second

(b) fifth

(d) fourth

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) third

17. The smallest ocean in the world is—

(a) Southern Ocean

(b) Arctic Ocean

(d) Pacific Ocean

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Arctic Ocean

18. Australia lies to the east of —

(a) Indian Ocean

(b) Arctic Ocean

(d) Pacific Ocean

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Indian Ocean

19. Which of the following seas lies to the west of India?

(a) Indian Ocean

(b) Bay of Bengal

(d) Arabian Sea

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) Arabian Sea

20. A huge and powerful wave generally caused by a strong earthquake or a volcanic eruption at the bottom of the ocean.

(a) cyclone

(b) landslide

(d) flood

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) tsunami

21. On 26 December 2004, India and another 13 countries around the Indian Ocean were struck by a powerful tsunami caused by an earthquake in —.

(a) India

(b) Indonesia

(d) Sri Lanka

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Indonesia

22. Which two states were severely affected and suffered much damage and loss of life from the tsunami of 2004?

(a) Maharashtra and Goa

(b) Tamil Nadu and Kerala

(d) Rajasthan and Haryana

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Tamil Nadu and Kerala

23. What is the symbol given below?

(a) Olympic Games

(b) CommonWealth Games

(d) Cricket

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Olympic Games

24. Select the correct list of continents from the smallest to the largest.

(a) Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia

(b) South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia, Asia, Africa, North America

(d) Australia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, North America, Africa, Asia

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) Australia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, North America, Africa, Asia

25. Some smaller pieces of land are left out; surrounded by water on all sides, they are called —.

(a) Ocean

(b) Bay

(d) estuary

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) islands

26. Greenland is the largest island in the world.

(a) Hawaii

(b) Great Britain

(d) Greenland

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) Greenland

27. In 1983, India established its first scientific base station in Antarctica, called ‘---’.

(a) Dakshin Gangotri

(b) Uttar Gangotri

(d) Godavari

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Dakshin Gangotri

28. ‘The Indian Antarctica Programme’ has been exploring Antarctica since —

(a) 1971

(b) 1981

(d) 1991

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) 1981

29. The settlement where the scientists live in Antarctica has —.

(a) a library and a post office

(b) a bank and a bus stand

(d) a school and gym

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) a library and a post office

30. About 40 teams of Indian scientists have conducted research in this faraway region, especially on the evolution of climate and environment.

(a) the evolution of agriculture and horticulture.

(b) the evolution of climate and environment.

(d) the evolution of space and pollution

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) the evolution of climate and environment.

31. more than half of the world’s oxygen is produced by the oceans’ flora, which is why they are called ‘---’.

(a) the planet’s hearts

(b) the planet’s brains

(d) the planet’s muscles

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) the planet’s lungs

32. Consider the following statements, Which of the following is/are correct statement/s?

From early times, people have used oceans and seas

1. to migrate to other regions

2. to trade in all kinds of goods

3. to conduct military campaigns

4. and as a source of food through fishing.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Earth

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A) Only statement 1 is correct

B) Only statement 2 is correct

C) Both statements 1 and 2 are correct

D) All are correct

👁Answer

Correct Answer: D) All are correct

33. When do we observe ‘World Oceans Day’?

(a) May 8

(b) August 12

(d) December 10

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) June 8

34. Scientific studies have shown how the oceans are polluted by —

(a) human activity

(b) natural activity

(d) disaster

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) human activity

35. — is another cause for the decline of marine life.

(a) navigation

(b) natural activity

(d) disaster

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) overfishing

Friday, August 30, 2024

Locating Places on the Earth (SOCIAL SCIENCE) CLASS 6

Exploring Society: India and Beyond

1. Locating Places on the Earth

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Returning to page 10 and to Fig. 5.2 in Chapter 5 of this textbook, taking the scale to be 2.5 cm = 500 km, calculate the real distance from the estuary of the Narmada River to the estuary of the Ganga river.

(Hint: round off your measurement on the map to an easy number.)

Ans: Scale: 2.5 cm = 500 km

Actual distance: 1,315 km

To find the equivalent map distance, we can set up a proportion:

2.5 cm / 500 km = x cm / 1,315 km

Cross-multiply and solve for x:

x = (2.5 cm × 1,315 km) / 500 km

x ≈ 6.57 cm

So, the map distance between the estuaries of the Narmada and Ganga rivers should be approximately 6.57 cm, using the given scale.

2. Why is it 5:30 pm in India when it is 12 pm or noon in London?

Ans. The time difference between India and London is primarily due to their locations in different time zones and the way time zones are defined globally.

Time Zones:

- London: Located in the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) zone during standard time. During daylight saving time, London is in the British Summer Time (BST) zone, which is GMT+1.

- India: Located in the Indian Standard Time (IST) zone, which is GMT+5:30.

Time Difference:

- India is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This is why, when it is 12:00 pm (noon) in London (GMT), it is 5:30 pm in India (IST). The reason why it is 5:30 pm in India when it is 12:00 pm in London is because India is located in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT, which is the time zone London follows during standard time.

3. Why do we need symbols and colors in the map?

Ans: Symbols and colors on maps serve several purposes:

1. Visual representation: Symbols and colors help to visually represent different features, making the map easier to read and understand.

2. Categorization: They group similar features together, such as rivers, roads, or cities.

3. Distinction: Symbols and colors distinguish between different types of features, reducing confusion.

4. Quick reference: They provide a quick way to identify features without needing to read labels or descriptions.

5. Enhance comprehension: Symbols and colors enhance map comprehension, making it easier to analyze and interpret spatial information. In short, symbols and colors on maps simplify complex information, facilitate understanding, and enable efficient communication of geographical data.

4. Find out what you have in the eight directions from your home or school.

Ans: You may note the name of places, buildings, roads, and any other notable places.

5. What is the difference between local time and standard time? Discuss it in groups, with each group writing an answer in 100 to 150 words. Compare the answers.

Ans: Local Time:

1.Refers to the time based on the position of the sun at a particular location.

2.It varies from place to place, depending on longitude. For example, when the sun is at its highest point in the sky, it is noon at that location.

3.Every place on Earth theoretically has its own local time, which can differ even within the same time zone.

Standard Time:

1.This is the time established by law or general usage for a particular region or country.

2.It is based on a specific meridian (usually a whole number of hours offset from GMT/UTC) and applies uniformly across a time zone, regardless of local variations in solar time.

3.This system was adopted to avoid confusion and make communication, travel, and business more efficient. For example, all of India follows Indian Standard Time (IST), which is UTC+5:30, rather than each city having its own local time.

6. Delhi’s and Bengaluru’s latitudes are 29°N and 13°N; their longitudes are almost the same, 77°E. How much will be the difference in local time between the two cities?

Ans: 1.Since Delhi and Bengaluru have almost the same longitude (77°E), their local times are nearly identical, as local time differences are primarily influenced by differences in longitude, not latitude.

2.Local time changes by approximately 4 minutes for every degree of longitude. However, because Delhi and Bengaluru share nearly the same longitude, there is no significant difference in their local times.

3.The difference in local time between Delhi and Bengaluru is negligible, close to zero minutes.

7. Mark the following statements as true or false; explain your answers with a sentence or two.

Ans: Here are the statements marked as true or false, with brief explanations:

1. All parallels of latitude have the same length.

False. Parallels of latitude vary in length. The Equator is the longest, and as you move towards the poles, the length of the parallels decreases, reaching zero at the poles.

2. The length of a meridian of longitude is half of that of the Equator.

False. The length of any meridian of longitude is the same as the length of the Equator. Both are approximately 40,075 kilometers in circumference.

3. The South Pole has a latitude of 90°S.

True. The South Pole is located at the southernmost point of the Earth, which is at 90°S latitude.

4. In Assam, the local time and the IST are identical.

False. Assam is geographically located to the east of the standard meridian for IST (82.5°E). Therefore, the local time in Assam is slightly ahead of IST, though the entire country follows IST for uniformity.

5. Lines separating the time zones are identical with meridians of longitude.

False. While time zones are roughly based on meridians of longitude, the actual lines separating time zones are often adjusted for political and economic reasons, and therefore, they are not always identical with meridians.

6. The Equator is also a parallel of latitude.

True. The Equator is the most significant parallel of latitude, located at 0° latitude, dividing the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

The Big Questions

1. What is a map and how do we use it? What are its main components?

Ans: A map is a visual representation of an area, showing the relationships between different features, such as roads, buildings, and geographical boundaries. Maps help us navigate, understand spatial relationships, and visualize data.

Main components of a map:

There are three important components of Maps — distance, direction and symbols.

We use maps to:

1. Navigate and find locations

2. Understand spatial relationships and patterns

3. Visualize data and trends

4. Plan routes and journeys

5. Identify geographical features and boundaries

Types of maps include:

1. Political maps (showing borders and cities)

2. Physical maps (showing terrain and natural features)

3. Thematic maps (showing specific data, like climate or population)

4. Topographic maps (showing detailed terrain and elevation)

2.What are the coordinates? How can latitude and longitude be used to mark any location on the Earth?

Ans: Coordinates are a set of numbers that pinpoint a specific location on the Earth's surface. Latitude and longitude are the two primary coordinates used to identify any location.

Latitude:

- Measures distance north or south of the Equator (0° latitude)

- Ranges from 0° to 90° North (N) or South (S)

- Imaginary lines that run parallel to the Equator are called parallels

Longitude:

- Measures distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude)

- Ranges from 0° to 180° East (E) or West (W)

- Imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole are called meridians

Together, latitude and longitude create a grid system that allows us to pinpoint any location on the Earth's surface. By combining the two, we get a unique set of coordinates that identify a specific point.

Example: The coordinates for New York City are approximately 40.7128° N (latitude) and 74.0060° W (longitude).

To mark a location using latitude and longitude:

1. Identify the latitude (north-south position)

2. Identify the longitude (east-west position)

3. Combine the two to create a unique coordinate pair (e.g., 40.7128° N, 74.0060° W)

This system allows us to accurately locate and communicate the position of any point on the Earth's surface.

3.How are local time and standard time related to longitude?

Ans: Local time and standard time are related to longitude in the following ways:

Local Time:

- Determined by the solar time at a specific location

- Varies with longitude, as each degree of longitude represents a 4-minute difference in solar time

- Not uniform across different longitudes, leading to confusion in coordinating clocks

Standard Time:

- Introduced to simplify timekeeping and communication

- Divides the world into 24 time zones, each separated by 1 hour (15° of longitude)

- Based on the mean solar time at a specific meridian (usually a multiple of 15° longitude)

The relationship between longitude and time zones:

- Each time zone represents a 15° range of longitude

- Time zones are identified by their offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

- Longitudes are used to determine the standard time zone for a region

For example:

- New York City is at approximately 74° W longitude and is in the UTC-5 time zone (Eastern Standard Time)

- Los Angeles is at approximately 118° W longitude and is in the UTC-8 time zone (Pacific Standard Time)

In summary, longitude determines local time, and standard time zones are established to simplify timekeeping across different longitudes.

Additional Questions and Answers

A. Answer the following in short.
1.What is a map?

Ans: a map is a representation, or a drawing, of some area — it may be a small area, a bigger area, or a very large area like India or even the whole world.

2. What are the three types of maps?

Ans: Following are the three types of maps

1. Physical maps

2. Political maps

3. Thematic maps

3. Explain the types of maps.

Ans: Following are the types of maps:

1. Physical maps, which mainly show some natural features such as mountains, oceans and rivers

2. Political maps, which show details of countries or states, boundaries, cities, etc. (for instance, a map of India with all its States, Union Territories and their capitals)

3.Thematic maps, with a specific kind of information

4. What is the globe?

Ans: A globe is a three-dimensional (3D) spherical model of the Earth or other celestial body, such as a planet or moon. It's a scale model that accurately represents the shape, size, and features of the Earth or other body.

5. What is the difference between latitude and longitude?

Ans: Latitude and longitude are both coordinates used to identify locations on the Earth's surface, but they differ in their orientation and measurement:

Latitude:

- Measures distance north or south of the Equator (0° latitude)

- Lines of latitude are parallel to the Equator

- Ranges from 0° to 90° North (N) or South (S)

- Identifies locations in terms of their angular distance from the Equator

Longitude:

- Measures distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude)

- Lines of longitude are meridians that converge at the poles

- Ranges from 0° to 180° East (E) or West (W)

- Identifies locations in terms of their angular distance from the Prime Meridian

6. What are the meridians of longitude?

Ans: 1.Meridians of longitude are imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole, passing through the Earth's surface.

2.They are all half-circles running from one pole to the other.

3.They are used to measure longitude, which is the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude).

7. What is Prime Meridian?

Ans:The Prime Meridian is the meridian of longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, England. It is designated as 0° longitude and serves as the reference point for measuring longitude (east-west) coordinates.

Here are some key facts about the Prime Meridian:

1. Zero longitude: The Prime Meridian is defined as 0° longitude.

2. Passes through Greenwich: It passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.

3. Reference point: It serves as the reference point for measuring longitude.

4. Global standard: It is the global standard for measuring longitude, adopted in 1884.

5. Time zone reference: It is also the reference point for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and time zones.

The Prime Meridian:

- Divides the Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres

- Serves as the origin for measuring longitude

- Is used as a reference point for navigation, mapping, and timekeeping

In 1884, the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. established the Prime Meridian as the global standard for measuring longitude, ensuring consistency and accuracy in navigation and mapping.

8. What is a grid on the globe?

Ans: The parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude together on the globe as blue lines.All these lines together constitute a grid for the globe; they are also called grid lines.

9. What do you know about hemispheres?

Ans: A hemisphere is half of a sphere, or a three-dimensional shape that is divided into two equal parts. In the context of the Earth, a hemisphere refers to one of the four regions into which the planet is divided:

1. Eastern Hemisphere: The half of the Earth east of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude)

2. Western Hemisphere: The half of the Earth west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude)

3. Northern Hemisphere: The half of the Earth north of the Equator (0° latitude)

4. Southern Hemisphere: The half of the Earth south of the Equator (0° latitude)

Hemispheres can also be divided into smaller regions, such as:

- Continental hemispheres: Divided by continents, like the North American Hemisphere

- Oceanic hemispheres: Divided by oceans, like the Pacific Hemisphere

Hemispheres help us:

- Understand global geography and spatial relationships

- Divide the world into manageable regions for study and navigation

- Identify time zones and coordinate clocks

In summary, hemispheres are half-spheres that help us organize and understand the Earth's surface.

10. What is the International Date Line?

Ans: The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the Earth's surface that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, roughly following the 180° meridian. It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° meridian, and serves as the boundary between two consecutive calendar days.

Here are some key facts about the International Date Line:

1. Separates two days: The IDL separates two consecutive calendar days, with locations to the west of the line being one day ahead of locations to the east.

2. Runs through the Pacific: The IDL passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° meridian.

3. Passes through several countries: The IDL passes through several countries, including Kiribati, Samoa, and Tonga.

4. Not a straight line: The IDL is not a straight line, but rather a zigzagging line that avoids dividing some territories and islands.

5. Established in 1884: The IDL was established at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. in 1884.

The International Date Line has some interesting effects, such as:

- When it's Monday on the west side of the IDL, it's Tuesday on the east side.

- When it's December 31 on the west side, it's January 1 on the east side.

The IDL helps us coordinate clocks and calendars across the globe, ensuring that we're all on the same page (or date).

B. Answer the following in one sentence.

1. What is an atlas?

Ans: An atlas is a book or collection of maps.

2. What are the three important components of maps?

Ans: Distance, direction and symbols are the important components of maps.

3. What are the cardinal directions?

Ans: North, east, south and west are the cardinal directions.

4. What are the ordinal directions?

Ans: The ordinal directions are:

1. Northeast (NE): Halfway between north and east

2. Southeast (SE): Halfway between south and east

3. Southwest (SW): Halfway between south and west

4. Northwest (NW): Halfway between north and west

5. Who has fixed a set of symbols for maps of India (or parts of India)?

Ans: The Survey of India, a government body, has fixed a set of symbols for maps of India (or parts of India).

6. Why do map makers use specific symbols?

Ans: To make maps more easily understood by a variety of users, map makers use specific symbols.

7. Mapping the Earth is a little more difficult because-

Ans: our planet is not a flat surface. It nearly has the shape of a sphere.

8. What is the largest circle on the globe?

Ans: Equator is the largest circle on the globe.

9. Name the reputed center for astronomy over many centuries.

Ans: Ujjayinī (today Ujjain), which was a reputed center for astronomy over many centuries.

10. Who was Varāhamihira?

Ans: Varahamihira was a famous astronomer.

11. Where did Varahamihira live?

Ans: In the city of Ujjayinī (today Ujjain)

12. Which meridian became a reference for calculations in all Indian astronomical texts?

Ans: The Ujjayinī meridian became a reference for calculations in all Indian astronomical texts.

13. What are the ancient Indian cities close to the Ujjayinī meridian?

Ans: Kurukṣhetra, Rohtak, Nagar, Ujjain, Maheshwar and Kanyakumari.

14. What is the geographical expansion of India?

Ans: India’s latitudes extend approximately from to 8°N to 37°N, and longitudes approximately from 68°E to 97°E.

15. How much time Indian Standard Time (IST) is ahead of the local time at Greenwich?

Ans: 5 hours 30 minutes (also noted 5.5 hours).

16. What are the subdisciplines of Social Science?

Ans: Geography, history, political science, economics, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, psychology and a few more.

17. The past is a major source for our identities because-

Ans: It helps us understand who we are and where we come from.

18. In what way is history useful for us?

Ans: It is useful to understand where people, governments or rulers went wrong, and why. Only then can we hope to avoid repeating those errors.

19. Expand the following
IST
GMT
IDL

Ans:

IST- Indian Standard Time

GMT- Greenwich Mean Time

IDL- International Date Line

C. Fill in the blanks:

1. Most maps simply have an arrow marked with the letter ‘N’, which points to the — direction. (south/north)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: North

2. You stand on the Equator and travel towards one of the poles; your distance from the Equator —. (increases/decreases)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: increases

3. Latitudes are expressed in —. (degrees/meters)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: degrees

4. The latitudes of the two poles are 90° North and 90° South respectively; this is noted —. (90°N and 90°S/90°S and 90°N)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (90°N and 90°S

5. Prime Meridian is marked as — longitude. (0°/10°)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: 0°

6. Latitude and longitude together are the two — of a place. (subordinates/coordinates)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: coordinates

7. The earth moves from west to east.(east to west/west to east)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: west to east

8. The International Date Line is ‘approximately’ at 180° —-. (longitude/latitude)

👁Answer

Correct Answer: longitude

D. State the following TRUE or FALSE.

1. There is a connection between latitude and climate.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

2. Around the Equator, the climate is generally cold.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: FALSE

3. closer to the North or South Pole, the climate grows colder. E

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

4. Longitude, too, is measured indegrees.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

5.Westward or eastward, it increases in value from 0° to 180°, with the letter ‘S’ or ‘N’ added.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: FALSE

6. The Greenwich Meridian is the first prime meridian.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: FALSE

7. A globe will better represent the geography of the Earth than a flat map.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

8. The Earth spins on its axis.

👁Answer

Correct Answer: TRUE

E. Choose the appropriate answer from the given below options.

1.Which one is not the component of the map?

(a) symbols

(b) direction

(d) size

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) size

2. — marks the time and defines the time zones.

(a) longitude

(b) latitude

(d) equator

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) longitude

3. The International Date Line is located approximately at — degrees longitude

(a) 380

(b) 180

(d) 90

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) 180

4. Crossing the International Date Line changes the date by --- day.

(a) one

(b) two

(d) four

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) one

5. The place where a river meets the sea.

(a) obituary

(b) deciduous

(d) estuary

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) estuary

6. — is a large piece of canvas-like cloth.

(a) obituary

(b) tapestry

(d) estuary

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) tapestry

7. Which one is not the subdisciplines of Social Science?

(a) Chemistry

(b) History

(d) Sociology

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) History

8. The — is a major source for our identities.

(a) present

(b) future

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) past

9. — is a book or collection of maps.

(a) Quran

(b) Gita

(d) catalog

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) atlas

10. Maps, which show details of countries or states, boundaries, cities, etc.

(a) Physical

(b) Political

(d) None of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) Political

11. True shape of the earth is —

(a) square

(b) circle

(d) triangle

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) sphere

12. Latitude measures this distance from the —.

(a) meridian

(b) angle

(d) all of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) equator

13. At any point of this travel, you can draw an imaginary line that runs east and west, parallel to the Equator. Such a line is called a parallel of —.

(a) longitude

(b) latitude

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) latitude

14. The — is latitude 0° (zero degree).

(a) longitude

(b) latitude

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) equator

15. There is a connection between — and climate.

(a) longitude

(b) latitude

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) latitude

16. Climate area around the equator is called —

(a) temperate

(b) torrid

(d) cold

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (b) torrid

17. Closer to the North or South Pole, the climate grows colder is called —

(a) temperate

(b) torrid

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (c) frigid

18. Meridians of — are all half-circles running from one pole to the other.

(a) longitude

(b) latitude

(d) none of these

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) longitude

19. Ujjain which was a reputed center for astronomy over many centuries is in —- state.

(a) Maharashtra

(b) Gujrat

(d) Madhya Pradesh

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) Madhya Pradesh

20. The Ujjayinī prime meridian used in ancient — astronomy.

(a) Indian

(b) European

(d) German

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) Indian

21. The USA has — time zones.

(a) six

(b) seven

(d) nine

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (a) six

22. Russia has — time zones.

(a) six

(b) seven

(d) eleven

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) eleven

Friday, August 23, 2024

3. Landforms and Life (SOCIAL SCIENCE) CLASS 6

Exploring Society: India and Beyond

3. Landforms and Life

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. In what type of landform is your town / village / city located? Which features mentioned in this chapter do you see around you?

Ans: To determine the type of landform your area is located in, consider the following:

1. Mountains: Hills, peaks, rugged terrain

2. Plains: Flat, low-lying areas

3. Plateaus: Elevated, flat areas

4. Coastal: Near the ocean, beaches, cliffs

5. River delta: Land formed by river deposits

Look around you and see if you can spot features like:

1. Hills or mountains

2. Rivers or streams

3. Lakes or wetlands

4. Coastal features like beaches or cliffs

5. Valleys or canyons

6. Waterfalls

7. Caves

8. Islands (if you're near a coast)

2. Let us go back to our initial trip from Chhota Nagpur to Prayagraj and Almora. Describe the three landforms you came across on the way.

Ans: On our journey from Chhota Nagpur to Prayagraj and Almora, we crossed the following three landforms:

1. Plateau: Chhota Nagpur is situated on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, a part of the Deccan Plateau. This region is characterized by flat-topped hills, valleys, and scenic vistas.

2. Plains: As we traveled towards Prayagraj, we entered the Indo-Gangetic Plains, a vast, flat, and fertile region formed by the Ganges and other rivers. This area is ideal for agriculture and supports a dense population.

3. Mountains: Finally, on our way to Almora, we encountered the Himalayan Mountains, a majestic and rugged range with snow-capped peaks, valleys, and scenic beauty. Almora is nestled in the Kumaon Himalayas, offering breathtaking views and a cool climate.

These landforms showcase India's diverse geological features and natural beauty.

3. List a few famous pilgrimage spots in India along with the landforms in which they are found.

Ans: Here are some famous pilgrimage spots in India, along with the landforms they're located in:

1. Amarnath (Himalayan Mountains, Jammu and Kashmir) - a sacred Hindu shrine nestled in the Himalayas.

2. Badrinath (Himalayan Mountains, Uttarakhand) - a revered Hindu temple situated in the Garhwal Himalayas.

3. Kedarnath (Himalayan Mountains, Uttarakhand) - a sacred Hindu temple located in the Garhwal Himalayas.

4. Varanasi (Indo-Gangetic Plains, Uttar Pradesh) - a holy city situated on the banks of the Ganges River in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

5. Puri (Coastal Plains, Odisha) - a sacred Hindu pilgrimage site located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal.

6. Dwarka (Coastal Plains, Gujarat) - a revered Hindu temple situated on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

7. Rishikesh (Himalayan Foothills, Uttarakhand) - a spiritual hub located in the foothills of the Himalayas.

8. Shirdi (Deccan Plateau, Maharashtra) - a famous pilgrimage site dedicated to Sai Baba, situated in the Deccan Plateau.

These pilgrimage spots attract millions of devotees and showcase India's diverse geography and spiritual significance.

4. State whether true or false —

1.The Himalayas are young mountains with rounded tops.

2.Plateaus usually rise sharply at least on one side.

3.Mountains and hills belong to the same type of landform.

4.Mountains, plateaus and rivers in India have the same types of flora and fauna.

5.Ganga is a tributary to the Yamuna.

6.Deserts have unique flora and fauna.

7.Melting snow feeds rivers.

8.Sediments from rivers deposited in the plains makes the land fertile.

9.All deserts are hot.

Ans: Here are the true or false answers:

1. False: The Himalayas are young mountains with sharp, rugged tops, not rounded.

2. True: Plateaus often rise sharply on one or more sides, forming escarpments.

3. False: Mountains and hills are different types of landforms, varying in elevation and features.

4. False: Mountains, plateaus, and rivers in India have distinct types of flora and fauna due to varying climates and conditions.

5. False: The Yamuna is a tributary to the Ganga, not the other way around.

6. True: Deserts have unique and adapted flora and fauna due to harsh conditions.

7. True: Melting snow feeds rivers, providing a natural source of water.

8. True: Sediments deposited by rivers in plains make the land fertile, suitable for agriculture.

9. False: Not all deserts are hot; some, like the Gobi or Tibetan deserts, are cold deserts with unique features.

5. Match words in pairs:

Sr. No.	Column 'A'	Column 'B'	Answers
Sr. No.1.	Column 'A'Mount Everest	Column 'B'Africa	Answersclimbing
Sr. No.2.	Column 'A'rafting	Column 'B'roof of the world	Answersriver
Sr. No.3.	Column 'A'camels	Column 'B'rice fields	Answersdesert
Sr. No.4.	Column 'A'plateau	Column 'B'desert	Answersroof of the world
Sr. No.5.	Column 'A'Gangetic	Column 'B'plains river	Answersrice fields
Sr. No.6.	Column 'A'waterway	Column 'B'Ganga	AnswersGanga
Sr. No.7.	Column 'A'Mount Kilimanjaro	Column 'B'tributary	AnswersAfrica
Sr. No.8.	Column 'A'Yamuna	Column 'B'climbing	Answerstributary

The Big Questions

1. What are the major types of landforms and their significance to life and culture?

Ans: The major types of landforms and their significance to life and culture are:

1. Mountains:

- Provide natural resources (minerals, timber, water)

- Support unique ecosystems and biodiversity

- Influence climate and weather patterns

- Often considered sacred or culturally significant

2. Hills:

- Offer fertile soil for agriculture

- Support varied ecosystems and wildlife

- Can be used for settlement and urbanization

- May hold cultural or historical significance

3. Plateaus:

- Provide flat terrain for agriculture and settlement

- Often have unique rock formations and mineral deposits

- Support distinct ecosystems and biodiversity

- Can be culturally significant (e.g., Deccan Plateau in India)

4. Plains:

- Fertile soil supports agriculture and food production

- Flat terrain facilitates transportation and settlement

- Often densely populated and culturally rich

- May be prone to flooding or natural disasters

5. Coastal Plains:

- Provide access to oceans and marine resources

- Support unique ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs)

- Often densely populated and culturally significant

- Vulnerable to sea-level rise and coastal erosion

6. Islands:

- Support unique ecosystems and biodiversity

- Often culturally significant (e.g., tropical paradises)

- Can be isolated or strategically important

- May face environmental challenges (climate change, erosion)

7. Deserts:

- Support adapted ecosystems and unique wildlife

- Often culturally significant (e.g., spiritual or historical sites)

- Can be rich in natural resources (minerals, oil)

- Pose challenges for human habitation and settlement

These landforms significantly impact:

- Human settlement and urbanization

- Agriculture and food production

- Natural resource availability and management

- Ecosystems and biodiversity

- Cultural identity and heritage

- Economic development and trade

Understanding landforms is essential for managing natural resources, mitigating environmental challenges, and appreciating cultural diversity.

2. What are the challenges and opportunities of life associated with each landform?

Ans: Here are the challenges and opportunities associated with each landform:

Mountains

Challenges:

- Harsh climate and weather conditions

- Limited accessibility and transportation

- Soil erosion and landslides

- Limited agricultural land

Opportunities:

- Natural resources (minerals, timber, water)

- Tourism and recreation (hiking, skiing, etc.)

- Unique ecosystems and biodiversity

- Cultural and spiritual significance

Hills

Challenges:

- Soil erosion and landslides

- Limited agricultural land

- Water scarcity

- Limited accessibility

Opportunities:

- Fertile soil for agriculture

- Unique ecosystems and biodiversity

- Scenic beauty and tourism

- Settlement and urbanization

Plateaus

Challenges:

- Limited water availability

- Soil erosion

- Limited agricultural land

- Isolation

Opportunities:

- Unique rock formations and mineral deposits

- Fertile soil for agriculture

- Settlement and urbanization

- Cultural significance

Plains

Challenges:

- Flooding and waterlogging

- Soil salinization

- Limited natural resources

- High population density

Opportunities:

- Fertile soil for agriculture

- Easy transportation and accessibility

- High population density and cultural diversity

- Economic development and trade

Coastal Plains

Challenges:

- Coastal erosion and flooding

- Saltwater intrusion

- Limited freshwater availability

- Vulnerability to climate change

Opportunities:

- Access to oceans and marine resources

- Tourism and recreation

- Unique ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs)

- Settlement and urbanization

Islands

Challenges:

- Isolation and limited accessibility

- Limited natural resources

- Vulnerability to climate change

- Limited land area

Opportunities:

- Unique ecosystems and biodiversity

- Tourism and recreation

- Cultural significance and identity

- Strategic importance (trade, military)

Deserts

Challenges:

- Harsh climate and water scarcity

- Limited agricultural land

- Soil erosion and sandstorms

- Limited accessibility

Opportunities:

- Natural resources (minerals, oil)

- Unique ecosystems and biodiversity

- Tourism and recreation

- Cultural significance and identity

LET’S EXPLORE

1. As a class activity, form groups of four or five students and observe the school’s surroundings. What kind of landscape do you see? Will the landscape change a few kilometers away? Or within some 50 kilometers? Compare with other groups.

Ans: Here's a possible class activity:

Group Observation and Discussion

1. Divide into groups of 4-5 students.

2. Observe the school's surroundings and note the type of landscape (e.g., urban, rural, hilly, plain).

3. Discuss within your group:

- What kind of landscape do you see?

- Will the landscape change a few kilometers away? How?

- Will it change within 50 kilometers? How?

4. Share your observations and discussions with other groups.

5. Compare and contrast the different landscapes observed by each group.

Possible Findings:

- Urban landscape near the school, changing to rural or suburban within a few kilometers.

- Hilly terrain near the school, giving way to plains or valleys within 50 kilometers.

- Coastal landscape near the school, changing to inland plains or hills within 50 kilometers.

Discussion Points:

- How do human activities (e.g., urbanization, agriculture) impact the landscape?

- How do natural factors (e.g., climate, geology) shape the landscape?

- What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in different types of landscapes?

- How do landscapes influence local culture, economy, and lifestyle?

Conclusion:

- Landscapes can change significantly within a short distance.

- Human activities and natural factors interact to shape the landscape.

- Understanding landscapes helps us appreciate local diversity and challenges.

This activity encourages observation, critical thinking, and collaboration among students, promoting a deeper understanding of their surroundings and the complex relationships between human and natural factors that shape our environment.

2. In the same groups, discuss a journey that any of you has made through a region of India. List the different landscapes seen on the way. Compare with other groups.

Ans: Group Discussion: Journey Through India's Landscapes

1. Share a personal experience of a journey through a region of India.

2. List the different landscapes seen during the journey:

- Mountains

- Hills

- Plains

- Plateaus

- Coastal areas

- Deserts

- Rivers

- Valleys

3. Discuss within your group:

- How did the landscape change during the journey?

- What were the notable features of each landscape?

- How did the landscape impact the local culture, economy, and lifestyle?

4. Share your journey and landscapes with other groups.

5. Compare and contrast the different landscapes observed by each group.

Possible Journeys:

- A trip from Delhi to Ladakh, passing through the Himalayas, hills, and valleys.

- A journey from Mumbai to Goa, along the coastal plain and beaches.

- A train ride from Chennai to Ooty, through the Eastern Ghats and Nilgiri Hills.

- A road trip from Jaipur to Jaisalmer, across the Thar Desert and sand dunes.

Discussion Points:

- How do landscapes influence local architecture, agriculture, and traditions?

- What are the challenges and opportunities of traveling through different landscapes?

- How do landscapes shape our perceptions and experiences of a region?

- What are the unique features of each landscape, and how do they contribute to India's diversity?

Conclusion:

- India's diverse landscapes offer a wealth of experiences and insights.

- Landscapes play a significant role in shaping local culture, economy, and lifestyle.

- Sharing our journeys and observations helps us appreciate the complexity and beauty of India's landscapes.

3. Can you give examples of river sources or confluences from your region that are regarded as sacred by any community?

Ans: Here are some examples of river sources or confluences considered sacred by various communities:

1. Ganges River (India): The source of the Ganges, known as Gangotri Glacier, is revered by Hindus as a sacred site.

2. Sangam (India): The confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers in Allahabad is a sacred site for Hindus, known as the Triveni Sangam.

3. Brahmaputra River (India and Bangladesh): The confluence of the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers, known as the Jamuna River, is revered by Hindus and Buddhists.

These sacred sites often hold significant cultural, spiritual, and ecological importance, and are frequently protected and preserved by local communities and governments.

4. Visit a nearby river and observe all activities there, whether economic or cultural. Note them down and discuss with your classmates.

Ans: Here's a sample observation report:

River Observation Report

Location: Nearby River (River Ganga)

Date: [24/8/2024]

Activities Observed:

Economic Activities:

1. Fishing: Local fishermen were seen fishing using nets and rods.

2. Boating: Boatmen were transporting people and goods across the river.

3. Sand mining: Workers were extracting sand from the riverbed for construction purposes.

4. Agriculture: Farmers were irrigating their crops using river water.

Cultural Activities:

1. Worship: Devotees were performing puja (prayer) and offering flowers to the river.

2. Bathing: People were taking a holy dip in the river, considered sacred.

3. Recreation: Children were playing and swimming in the river.

4. Picnicking: Families were enjoying a picnic on the riverbank.

Other Observations:

1. Pollution: Litter and plastic waste were seen floating in the river.

2. Erosion: The riverbank was showing signs of erosion due to heavy rainfall.

3. Wildlife: Birds and fish were seen in and around the river.

Discussion Points:

1. How do economic activities impact the river's ecosystem?

2. What cultural significance does the river hold for the local community?

3. What measures can be taken to reduce pollution and protect the river?

4. How can we balance economic and cultural activities with environmental conservation?

Class Discussion:

Share your observations and insights with your classmates. Discuss the importance of rivers in our lives, the impact of human activities on rivers, and ways to promote sustainable river management.

5. Name some popular tourist destinations in India and identify the category of landform they are associated with.

Ans: Here are some popular tourist destinations in India, along with the category of landform they are associated with:

1. Shimla (Himalayan Mountains) - Hill Station

2. Goa (Coastal Plain) - Beach Destination

3. Kerala Backwaters (Coastal Plain) - Waterway Network

4. Taj Mahal (Indo-Gangetic Plain) - Cultural Heritage Site

5. Ladakh (Himalayan Mountains) - High-Altitude Desert

6. Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Island Archipelago) - Tropical Island Getaway

7. Mysore (Deccan Plateau) - Cultural Heritage Site

8. Darjeeling (Himalayan Mountains) - Hill Station

9. Rann of Kutch (Thar Desert) - Salt Desert

10. Puri (Coastal Plain) - Beach Destination

These destinations showcase India's diverse landforms, from the majestic Himalayas to the scenic coastal plains, and from arid deserts to tropical islands.

Additional Questions and Answers

A. Answer the following in short.

1. What is a landform?

Ans: A landform is a natural feature of the Earth's surface, such as a mountain, hill, plateau, plain, valley, or body of water. Landforms can be created by various geological processes, including:

1. Tectonic plate movement

2. Volcanic activity

3. Weathering and erosion

4. Deposition of sediments

Landforms can be classified into different categories, including:

1. Mountains: high, rugged landforms with steep slopes

2. Hills: smaller, rounded landforms with gentler slopes

3. Plateaus: flat or gently sloping landforms elevated above surrounding terrain

4. Plains: flat or low-lying landforms, often formed by sediment deposition

5. Valleys: low areas between hills or mountains, often with a river or stream

6. Coastal landforms: features like beaches, cliffs, and deltas, shaped by ocean waves and tides

Landforms can be further divided into smaller features, such as:

1. Peaks

2. Ridges

3. Canyons

4. Gorges

5. Waterfalls

6. Islands

2. What are the three categories of landforms? Explain with suitable examples.

Ans: They are- mountains, plateaus and plains. Here's an explanation of each:

Mountains

- Elevated landforms with steep slopes and high elevations

- Formed by tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, or erosion

- Can be rugged, rocky, and snow-capped

- Examples: Himalayas, Mount Everest, Rocky Mountains

- Characteristics:

- High elevation

- Steep slopes

- Narrow valleys

- Limited accessibility

- Unique ecosystems and biodiversity

Plateaus

- Elevated landforms with flat or gently sloping surfaces

- Formed by volcanic activity, erosion, or tectonic uplift

- Can be vast, flat, and featureless

- Examples: Deccan Plateau, Colorado Plateau, Ethiopian Highlands

- Characteristics:

- Flat or gently sloping surface

- Elevated above surrounding terrain

- Often formed by volcanic rock or sedimentary deposits

- May have unique rock formations and mineral deposits

- Can be arid or semi-arid

Plains

- Low-lying landforms with flat or gently sloping surfaces

- Formed by sediment deposition, erosion, or tectonic subsidence

- Can be vast, flat, and featureless

- Examples: Indo-Gangetic Plain, Great Plains, Amazon Basin

- Characteristics:

- Flat or gently sloping surface

- Low elevation

- Often formed by sedimentary deposits (rivers, glaciers, wind)

- May be fertile and suitable for agriculture

- Can be prone to flooding or waterlogging

These landforms have distinct features, formation processes, and characteristics, shaping our environment, ecosystems, and human activities.

3. What is altitude?

Ans: Altitude refers to the height or elevation of a location above sea level. It is a measure of how high a place is above the average level of the ocean. Altitude is usually expressed in units of meters or feet.

4. What is Precipitation?

Ans: Precipitation is the formation and falling of water droplets or ice crystals from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface. It is a vital component of the water cycle, and it occurs when the air reaches its dew point, causing the water vapor to condense into droplets.

5. What is snow?

Ans: Snow is a natural weather phenomenon where water vapor in the air freezes into ice crystals, forming delicate, white flakes that fall to the ground. It occurs when the air temperature cools to a point where the water vapor can no longer remain in its liquid state, typically at temperatures below 0°C (32°F).

6. Floodplains are ideal for growing crops of all kinds. Give a reason.

Ans: 1. Floodplains are one type of plains formed by rivers originating in mountain ranges, where they collect particles of rock, sand and silt called ‘sediments’.

2. These sediments are carried all the way to the plains, where the rivers deposit them, making the soil very fertile. As a result, these plains are ideal for growing crops of all kinds

7. What are problems affecting the Ganga plains?

Ans: 1.The depletion (or decrease) of groundwater

2. High population and pollution

8. What is river confluence?

Ans: A river confluence is the point where two or more rivers meet and merge to form a single river. It's a location where the waters of different rivers come together, often creating a larger, more powerful river.

9. What is the importance of river confluence in India?

Ans: In India, numerous festivals, ceremonies and rituals are conducted at such locations.

10. What are the five tiṇais?

Ans: The five tiṇais of ancient Tamil Sangam poetry are five landscapes associated with certain specific deities, lifestyles, moods or emotions (such as love, longing, separation, quarrel, etc.).

11. What are the characteristics of the five landscapes and the main human occupations with reference to ancient Tamil Sangam poetry?

Ans:

Tiṇai	Landscape	Main occupation
TiṇaiKuriñji	Landscapemountainous regions	Main occupationhunting and gathering
TiṇaiMullai	Landscapegrassland and forests	Main occupationcattle rearing
TiṇaiMarudam	Landscapefertile agricultural plains	Main occupationfarming
TiṇaiNeydal	Landscapecoastal regions	Main occupationfishing and seafaring
TiṇaiPālai	Landscapearid, desert-like regions	Main occupationjourneying and fighting

12. What is the difference between plateaus and plains?

Ans:

Plateaus	Plains
Plateaus1. Elevated regions with flat or gently sloping surfaces	Plains1. Low-lying regions with flat or gently sloping surfaces
Plateaus2. Formed by volcanic activity, erosion, or tectonic uplift	Plains2. Formed by sediment deposition, erosion, or tectonic subsidence
Plateaus3. Typically higher than surrounding terrain	Plains3. Typically lower than surrounding terrain
Plateaus4. Steep slopes or cliffs often surround plateaus	Plains4. Gradual slopes or no clear boundaries
Plateaus5. Examples: Deccan Plateau, Colorado Plateau, Ethiopian Highlands	Plains5. Examples: Indo-Gangetic Plain, Great Plains, Amazon Basin

13. Match the following:

Sr. No.	Column 'A'	Column 'B'
Sr. No,1.	Column 'A'Victoria Falls	Column 'B'Subarnarekha River
Sr. No,2.	Column 'A'Hundru Falls	Column 'B'Zambezi River
Sr. No,3.	Column 'A'Jog Falls	Column 'B'Cherrapunji
Sr. No,4.	Column 'A'Nohkalikai Falls	Column 'B'Sharavati River

Ans:

Sr. No,	Column 'A'	Column 'B'
Sr. No,1.	Column 'A'Victoria Falls	Column 'B'Zambezi River
Sr. No,2.	Column 'A'Hundru Falls	Column 'B'Subarnarekha River
Sr. No,3.	Column 'A'Jog Falls	Column 'B'Sharavati River
Sr. No,4.	Column 'A'Nohkalikai Falls	Column 'B'Cherrapunji

B. Answer the following in one sentence.

1. What is a landform?

Ans: A landform is a natural feature of the Earth's surface, such as a mountain, hill, plateau, plain, valley, or body of water.

2. What are the three categories of landforms?

Ans: They are- mountains, plateaus and plains

3. What are called hills?

Ans: Highlands with a lower height, less steep slopes and rounded tops are called hills.

4. Where is the location of the mountain Himalaya, the Alps and the Andes?

Ans: The Himalayas in Asia, the Alps in Europe and the Andes in South America.

5. Name the two highest peaks of the Himalayan range.

Ans: Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga are the two highest peaks of the Himalayan range.

6. What is the highest peak of the Andes?

Ans: Mount Aconcagua (in South America) is the highest peak of the Andes.

7. Where is Mount Kilimanjaro?

Ans: Mount Kilimanjaro is in eastern Africa.

8. Which is the highest mountain in south India?

Ans: Anamudi (in Kerala, also known as ‘Anai Peak’) is the highest mountain in south India.

9. Which is the youngest mountain?

Ans: Mountain Himalaya.

10. Which is the oldest mountain range?

Ans: Aravalli Range

11. What is montane forest?

Ans: Mountain slopes are often covered with a type of forest called montane forest, where conifer trees such as pines, firs, spruce and deodar are common.

12. What is home to diverse fauna?

Ans: Deep forests, flowing rivers, lakes, grasslands and caves in the mountains are home to diverse fauna.

13. What are the animals found in mountain regions?

Ans: The golden eagle, the peregrine falcon, the Canadian lynx, the snow leopards, the ibex, the Himalayan tahr, the mountain hare, the yak, the gray fox and the black bear are found in mountain regions.

14. Where does Ganga originate from?

Ans: in the Himalayas.

15. What is the length of river Ganga?

Ans: Nearly 2,500 km long.

16. What are the tributaries of river Ganga which originate in the Himalayas?

Ans: The Yamuna and the Ghagara.

17. What are the tributaries of river Ganga which originate from the Vindhya Range to the south of the Ganga plain?

Ans: The Son or Sone, originate from the Vindhya Range to the south of the Ganga plain.

18. What is terrain?

Ans: A piece or stretch of land, from the point of view of its physical features is known as terrain.

19. What is terrace farming?

Ans: Cultivation is practised on the slopes by cutting steps into the slope. This is called terrace farming.

20. What is the important source of income for the people living in the mountains?

Ans: Tourism is an important source of income for the people living in the mountains.

21. What is a Valley?

Ans: Valley is a lower area between hills or mountains, often with a river or stream flowing through it.

22. Tourism is growing in mountain regions because-

Ans: 1.The crisp mountain air and scenic beauty attract many tourists. 2. Some tourists also go to the mountains for sports such as skiing, hiking, mountaineering and paragliding.

23. Who was the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest?

Ans: Bachendri Pal

24. When did Bachendri Pal climb Mount Everest?

Ans: In 1984.

25. Who encouraged Arunima Sinha to climb Mount Everest?

Ans: Bachendri Pal

26. When did Arunima Sinha manage to climb Mount Everest?

Ans: In 2013.

27. What was Arunima Sinha awarded in 2015?

Ans: She was awarded Padma Shri in 2015.

28. Who climbed Mount Vinson in Antarctica?

Ans: Arunima Sinha

29. What is the height of Mount Everest?

Ans: 8,849 meters.

30. What do Tibetans call Mount Everest?

Ans: Tibetans call it ‘Chomolungma’, which means ‘Mother Goddess of the World’.

31. What is the ancient Tibetan religion called?

Ans: Bon

32. Where is Mount Kailash?

Ans: In Tibet

33. Mount Kailash is sacred for whom?

Ans: Mount Kailash in Tibet is held sacred by followers of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Bon (an ancient Tibetan religion).

34. Which is the largest and highest plateau in the world?

Ans: The Tibetan Plateau

35. Give two examples of Plateau.

Ans: The Tibetan Plateau and the Deccan Plateau.

36. What is the height of the Tibetan Plateau?

Ans: 4,500 meters.

37. Which plateau is nicknamed as the ‘Roof of the World’?

Ans: The Tibetan Plateau.

38. Where is the Deccan Plateau?

Ans: Deccan Plateau is in central and south India.

39. Through which process the Deccan Plateau formed?

Ans: The Deccan Plateau formed through volcanic activity millions of years ago.

40. Mining is a major activity on plateaus. Give a reason.

Ans: Because the plateaus are rich in mineral deposits

41. What is the East African Plateau famous for?

Ans: The East African Plateau famous for gold and diamond mining.

42. What is the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in India famous for?

Ans: In India, huge reserves of iron, coal and manganese are found in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

43. Where is Victoria Falls?

Ans: The Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River in southern Africa.

44. Where is the Hundru Falls?

Ans: The Hundru Falls is on the Subarnarekha River in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

45. Where is the Jog Falls?

Ans: The Jog Falls on the Sharavati River in the Western Ghats.

46. Where is the Nohkalikai Falls?

Ans: The Nohkalikai Falls is in Cherrapunji Plateau (in Meghalaya).

47. How many people live in India’s Gangetic plain?

Ans: About 40 crore people, more than one-fourth of the total Indian population lives in India’s Gangetic plain.

48. What are the major occupations of people in the plains region?

Ans: River fishing and agriculture is the major occupation of the people in the plains.

49. What are the food crops grown in plains?

Ans: Food crops such as rice, wheat, maize, barley and millets are grown in plains.

50. What are the fiber crops grown in the Gangetic plain?

Ans: Fibre crops such as cotton, jute and hemp are also grown in the Gangetic plain.

51. What is Resilience?

Ans: The capacity to meet challenges and difficulties, adapt to them or overcome them.

52. What do Nepalis call Mount Everest?

Ans: Nepalis call it ‘Sagarmatha’, meaning ‘Goddess of the Sky’.

53. Name the desert in the northwest of the Indian Subcontinent.

Ans: Thar desert.

C. Fill in the blanks:

1. ___ are landforms that are much higher than the surrounding landscape. (Mountains/plateaus)

2. At ___ altitudes, the snow melts every summer and turns into water that feeds rivers. (higher/lower)

3. Snow and hailstones are nothing but precipitation of water in a ___ state. (solid/liquid)

4. Mont Blanc in Western Europe is the highest mountain of the ___. (Alps/Andes)

5. ___ is a lower area between hills or mountains, often with a river or stream flowing through it. (Valley/ Plains)

6. ___ lost a leg in an accident when she was 31. (Arunima Sinha/Bachendri Pal)

7. A ___ is a landform that rises up from the surrounding land and has a more or less flat surface; some of its sides are often steep slopes. (plateau/plains)

8. ___ are landforms that have an extensive flat or gently undulating surface.(Plains/Plateau)

9. Floodplains are one type of plains formed by ___. (rivers/wind)

10. The meeting point of two or more rivers. (Confluence/Divergence)

D. State the following TRUE or FALSE.

1. All landforms have the same climates. FALSE

2. Some mountains are covered with snow. TRUE

3. Mount Kilimanjaro in eastern Africa is an isolated mountain that is not part of any range. TRUE

4. In many mountainous regions of the world, herding is the preferred occupation over agriculture. TRUE

5. Bachendri Pal was awarded Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan.TRUE

6. The plateau environment is not diverse across the world. FALSE

7.The lava plateaus have a rich black soil. TRUE

8. The first civilisations developed around rivers in fertile plains.TRUE

9. Deserts are considered to be large and dry expanses with very high precipitation.FALSE

10. Each landform offers different challenges as well as opportunities.TRUE

E. Choose the appropriate answer from the given below options.

1. Which one is not the part of landforms?

(a) mountains

(b) plateaus

(d) deserts

👁Answer

Correct Answer: (d) deserts

2. Which Vedas say, the Earth is my mother and I am her child?

(a) Rigveda

(b) Atharv Veda

(d) Samveda

3. Where is Chhota Nagpur?

(a) Rajasthan

(b) Sikkim

(d) Orissa

4. Where is Prayagraj?

(a) Rajasthan

(b) Uttar Pradesh

(d) Orissa

5. The height of an object above sea level is known as —

(a) Distance

(b) Altitude

(d) Humidity

6. — are landforms that are much higher than the surrounding landscape.

(a) Plains

(b) Plateaues

(d) Deserts

7. Consider the following statements with regards to mountain altitude.

1. At lower altitudes, the snow melts every summer and turns into water that feeds rivers.

2. At high altitudes, the snow may never melt, leaving the mountain permanently snowcapped.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 Only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

8. The highlands with a lower height, less steep slopes and rounded tops are called

(a) Plains

(b) Plateaues

(d) Hills

9. Water from the atmosphere reaching the ground in any form — rain, snow and hail- is known as —

(a) precipitation

(b) confluence

(d) condensation

10. Choose the correctly matched pair.

(a) Himalayas - Europe

(b) Alps - Asia

(d) Hundru Falls - Chhota Nagpur Plateau

11. Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga are the two highest peaks of the — range.

(a) Himalayan

(b) Aravali

(d) Shivalik

12. Where is Mount Aconcagua?

(a) Europe

(b) Asia

(d) South America

13. — is the highest peak of the Andes.

(a) Mont Blanc

(b) Mount Aconcagua

(d) Mount Everest

14. — is the highest mountain in south India.

(a) Anamudi

(b) Aravali

(d) Mount Everest

15. Anamudi (also known as ‘Anai Peak’) the highest mountain in south India is in —.

(a) Andhra Pradesh

(b) Karnataka

(d) Goa

16. Which of the following is the youngest mountain?

(a) Mont Blanc

(b) Mount Aconcagua

(d) Mount Himalaya

17. A type of forest that grows in mountainous regions.

(a) Rain forest

(b) Montane forest

(d) Thorny bushes

18. A small green plant without flowers or true roots, often spreading in a cushion-like cover.

(a) Lichen

(b) corn

(d) Moss

19. A plant-like organism that generally clings to rocks, walls or tree.

(a) Lichen

(b) corn

(d) Moss

20. ‘Kumārasambhava’ is the poem composed by

(a) Tagore

(b) Kalidas

(d) Kabir

21. The poem, Kumārasambhava, begins with an invocation to the —

(a) Vindhyas

(b) Ganga

(d) Himalayas

22. Which one is not the home to diverse fauna?

(a) Deep forests

(b) flowing rivers

(d) Modern cities

23. What is the length of river Ganga?

(a) 1500 km

(b) 2000 km

(d) 3000 km

24. Which one is not the tributary of river Ganga?

(a) Godavari

(b) Son

(d) Ghagara

25. River Son or Sone, originates from the — Range to the south of the Ganga plain.

(a) Anamudi

(b) Himalaya

(d) Vindhya

26. Cultivation is practised on the slopes by cutting steps into the slope.

(a) Zoom cultivation

(b) Terrace farming

(d) Agroforestry

27.A lower area between hills or mountains, often with a river or stream flowing through it.

(a) Hills

(b) Valley

(d) Pit

28. The skiing, hiking, mountaineering and paragliding are the activities related to —

(a) Rivers

(b) Plains

(d) Plateaus

29. — was the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest in 1984.

(a) Arunima Sinha

(b) Bachendri Pal

(d) Geeta Fogat

30. Which award was given to Bachendri Pal?

(a) Padma Shri

(b) Padma Bhushan

(d) None of these

31. Who was the inspiration for Arunima Sinha?

(a) Kiran Bedi

(b) Bachendri Pal

(d) Geeta Fogat

32. When was Arunima Sinha awarded Padma Shri?

(a) 2015

(b) 2016

(d) 2018

33. Arunima Sinha managed to climb Mount Everest in —

(a) 2015

(b) 2016

(d) 2013

34. Who climbed Mount Vinson successfully?

(a) Arunima Sinha

(b) Bachendri Pal

(d) Geeta Fogat

35. Where is Mount Vinson?

(a) Europe

(b) North America

(d) Africa

36. A sudden local flood, often caused by a cloudburst.

(a) Flash flood

(b) Landslide

(d) Cloudburst

37. The sudden collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountainside.

(a) Flash flood

(b) Landslide

(d) Cloudburst

38. The sudden fall of snow, ice or rocks from a mountain side; often occurs when the snow starts melting.

(a) Flash flood

(b) Landslide

(d) Cloudburst

39. A sudden violent rainstorm.

(a) Flash flood

(b) Landslide

(d) Cloudburst

40. Mount Everest is known as ‘Sagarmatha’ in —

(a) China

(b) Tibet

(d) Nepal

41. Nepalis call the Mount Everest ‘Sagarmatha’, meaning —

(a) Goddess of the Ocean

(b) Goddess of the Wind

(d) Goddess of the Earth

42. Which one is the highest mountain in the world?

(a) Mont Blanc

(b) Mount Aconcagua

(d) Mount Everest

43. What is the height of Mount Everest?

(a) 7,849 meter

(b) 8,849 meter

(d) 9,849 meter

44. Which is the largest and highest plateau in the world?

(a) Tibetan Plateau

(b) Deccan Plateau

(d) Pamir Plateau

45. Which plateau is known as the ‘Roof of the World’?

(a) Tibetan Plateau

(b) Deccan Plateau

(d) Pamir Plateau

46. What is the average altitude of the Tibetan Plateau?

(a) 7,849 meter

(b) 8,849 meter

(d) 4,500 meter

47. — Plateau of central and south India is one of the oldest plateaus in the world, formed through volcanic activity millions of years ago.

(a) Tibetan Plateau

(b) Deccan Plateau

(d) Pamir Plateau

48. Mountains, plateaus are rich in mineral deposits; they have been called ‘storehouses of —

(a) grains

(b) fruits

(d) water

49. East — Plateau is famous for gold and diamond mining

(a) Tibetan Plateau

(b) Deccan Plateau

(d) African Plateau

50. In India, huge reserves of iron, coal and manganese are found in the — Plateau.

(a) Tibetan Plateau

(b) Deccan Plateau

(d) Chhota Nagpur Plateau

51. Plains are landforms that have an extensive flat or gently undulating surface.

(a) Rivers

(b) Plains

(d) Plateaus

52. Floodplains collect particles of rock, sand and silt called ‘---

(a) sand

(b) soil

(d) silicon

53. Plains are ideal for growing crops of all kinds, and agriculture is a major economic occupation in this landform.

(a) hunting

(b) fishing

(d) agriculture

54. Thousands of years ago, the first civilisations developed around rivers

(a) oceans

(b) rivers

(d) forests

55. About 40 crore people, more than — of the total Indian population, live in India’s Ganga plain

(a) one-fourth

(b) three-fourth

(d) two-fourth

56. Find the odd one.

(a) rice

(b) wheat

(d) barley

57. Find the odd one.

(a) cotton

(b) hemp

(d) barley

58. The meeting point of two or more rivers is known as —

(a) flow

(b) stream

(d) divergence

59. Where is the Sahar desert?

(a) China

(b) North America

(d) South America

60. — is in the northwest of the Indian Subcontinent.

(a) Sahara

(b) Gobi

(d) Thar

Competency Based Exercise:

F. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The mountain terrain is usually rugged or rough, and has steep slopes. This means that regular farming can only be practised in some valleys. Cultivation is practised on the slopes by cutting steps into the slope. This is called terrace farming. In many mountainous regions of the world, herding is the preferred occupation over agriculture.

Tourism is often an important source of income for the people living in the mountains. The crisp mountain air and scenic beauty attract many tourists. Some tourists also go to the mountains for sports such as skiing, hiking, mountaineering and paragliding. For many centuries, people have also travelled to these uplands for pilgrimages to holy sites. But an excessive inflow of visitors can also put the fragile mountain environment under pressure; it is often difficult to find the right balance.

1. What is terrace farming?

2. Why do many tourists attract towards mountains?

3. What is the important source of income for the people living in the mountains?

4. Why should an excessive inflow of visitors be controlled?

5.Which of these activities is not mentioned in the above passage?

(a) skiing

(b) paragliding

(d) Rafting

Ans:

1.Cultivation is practised on the slopes by cutting steps into the slope.

2.The crisp mountain air and scenic beauty attract many tourists.

3.Tourism

4. an excessive inflow of visitors can put the fragile mountain environment under pressure

5.(d) Rafting

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