51. Who among the learning theorist proposed the Modelling principle?
a) Pavlov
b) Skinner
c) Bandura
d) J. Watson
52. Strength of Bandura's social learning theory is its emphasis on particular aspects of the environment, such as the nature of the ……………. available to children.
a) role models
b) rewards
c) reinforcement
d) rewards and punishment
53. Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
a) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
b) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
c) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
d) preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
54. During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?
a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational
55. As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered:
a) the schema for liquids.
b) the concept of object permanence.
c) the concept of conservation.
d) the ability to reason abstract
56. Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the:
a) sensorimotor stage.
b) preoperational stage.
c) concrete operational stage.
d) formal operational stage
57. According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of:
a) preoperational thought.
b) concrete operations.
c) formal operations.
d) fluid intelligence.
58. Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned about ethical dilemmas?
a) Erikson
b) Piaget
c) Harlow
d) Kohlberg
59. To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of fundamental human rights pertain?
a) preconventional morality
b) conventional morality
c) postconventional morality
d) generative morality
60. Sam, a junior in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in?
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) too little information to tell
61. In preconventional morality, the person:
A) obeys out of a sense of social duty.
B) conforms to gain social approval.
C) obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
D) follows the dictates of his or her conscience.
62. According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are:
A) identity formation; intimacy; generativity.
B) intimacy; identity formation; generativity.
C) generativity; intimacy; identity formation.
D) intimacy; generativity; identity formation.
63. In Erikson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing during adolescence and then during young adulthood.
A) identity; intimacy
B) intimacy; identity
C) basic trust; identity
D) identity; basic trust
64. After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old Carlos tells a friend that he doesn't want to marry because he is afraid of losing his freedom and independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having difficulty with the psychosocial task of:
A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus doubt.
C) intimacy versus isolation.
D) identity versus role confusion.
65. What is the response pattern of securely attached children in the Strange Situation when their mothers return?
A) They tend to ignore their mothers because they are secure about her care.
B) Sometimes they run over to their mothers and sometimes they do not; there's no consistent pattern in their responses.
C) They tend to run over to their mothers and beg them not to leave again.
D) They tend to go to their mothers for comfort.
66. Motor development in babies develops in a Proximodistal fashion. This is best described as:
A) From nearest to the center of the body to the farthest from the center
B) From the top of the head to the bottom of the feet
C) From the farthest from the center to the nearest to the center
D) From the bottom of the body to the top of the body
67. According to Sigmund Freud, what is the correct order of the five psychosexual stages of development?
A) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Early, Genital
B) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
C) Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital, Oral
D) Genital, Oral, Latency, Phallic, Ana
68. Authoritative parents can best be defined as:
A) Parents who befriend their children and do not use discipline
B) Parents who are less controlling and behave with a more accepting attitude
C) Parents who try to control the behavior of their children in accordance with a set
standard of conduct
D) Supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children
69. Which of the following is NOT one of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
a) Conventional
b) Unconventional
c) Postconventional
d) Preconventional
70. According to the cognitive developmental perspective of development, the child is ______ and development is _____.
a) passive, continuous
b) active, continuous
c) passive, discontinuous
d) active, discontinuous
71. Which of the following statements about the heritability of temperament is TRUE?
a) Temperament is only influenced by genetic factors
b) Temperament is not influenced by genetic factors
c) Heritability is demonstrated by MZ twins being more similar than DZ twins
d) Heritability is demonstrated by MZ twin and DZ twins being equally similar in terms of their temperament
72. By what age do children typically succeed on false-belief and appearance reality problems?
a) 2 years
b) 3 years
c) 5 years
d) 8 years
73. Which of the following comparisons between Piaget and Kohlberg’s theories of moral judgement is TRUE:
a) Both agreed that to young children, right and wrong is determined by obedience to rules and authority figures
b) Both agreed on the number of stages individuals passed through before achieving mature moral reasoning
c) Both agreed that all normal individuals advance to the highest level of moral reasoning
d) Piaget believed that development of moral reasoning was continuous, whereas Kohlberg believed it was discontinuous
74. At what age do children begin to differentiate between others’ emotional distress and their own?
a) 3-12 months
b) 6-14 months
c) 9-18 months
d) 2 years
75. The realization that all sets of a particular number of objects (e.g. 5) have something in common is referred to as:
a) Numerical equality
b) Numerical inequality
c) Subitising
d) Counting commonalities
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