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Short Answer Questions on Manufacturing Industries (80 Words Limit)

1. Define manufacturing and give examples from the text.

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. Examples include paper from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, and aluminium from bauxite. It involves transforming primary materials into finished goods like clothes from yarn.

2. Why is the manufacturing sector considered the backbone of economic development?

The manufacturing sector modernizes agriculture, reduces dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs, eradicates unemployment and poverty, expands trade through exports, and transforms raw materials into high-value goods. It brings foreign exchange and fosters prosperity by diversifying industries.

3. How do agriculture and industry complement each other?

Agro-industries boost agriculture by increasing productivity through products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, and tools. Industries rely on agriculture for raw materials and sell goods to farmers, enhancing efficiency and competitiveness in both sectors.

4. Classify industries based on raw materials used.

Industries are classified as agro-based (using agricultural raw materials like cotton, woollen, jute textiles, sugar, tea) and mineral-based (using minerals like iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals).

5. Explain the classification of industries based on ownership.

Public sector: Owned by government (e.g., BHEL, SAIL). Private sector: Owned by individuals (e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto). Joint sector: Run by state and individuals (e.g., Oil India Ltd.). Cooperative sector: Owned by producers/suppliers (e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra).

6. What is the significance of the textile industry in India?

The textile industry contributes to industrial production, employment, and foreign exchange. It is self-reliant from raw materials to finished products. It supports agriculture and related industries like chemicals, dyes, and packaging.

7. Describe the historical development of the cotton textile industry in India.

In ancient India, cotton textiles used hand spinning and weaving. Power-looms arrived in the 18th century. Colonial competition setback traditional industries. Post-independence, it concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to raw materials and market access.

8. Why is the jute industry concentrated in the Hugli basin?

Proximity to jute-producing areas, inexpensive water transport, railways, roadways, abundant water for processing, cheap labour from nearby states, and urban facilities like banking and ports in Kolkata.

9. What factors led to the concentration of the sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar?

Sixty percent of mills are here due to bulky raw materials (sugarcane) with reducing sucrose in haulage. Seasonal nature suits cooperatives. Recent shifts to southern states for higher sucrose and longer crushing seasons.

10. Why is the iron and steel industry considered basic?

It supplies machinery to heavy, medium, and light industries. Steel is used in engineering goods, construction, defence, medical equipment, and consumer goods. Production/consumption indicates development.

11. What raw materials are needed for iron and steel production?

Iron ore, coking coal, limestone in 4:2:1 ratio, plus manganese for hardening. Heavy materials require efficient transport; plants ideally near sources to minimize costs.

12. Explain the importance of the aluminium smelting industry.

Aluminium is light, corrosion-resistant, conductive, malleable, strong when alloyed. Used in aircraft, utensils, wires. Substitutes steel, copper, zinc. Plants in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, etc., near electricity and bauxite.

13. Describe the chemical industry's growth and diversification.

Fast-growing with large/small units in inorganic (sulphuric acid, soda ash) and organic (petrochemicals for synthetics, drugs). Near refineries; self-consuming, processes basics for industry, agriculture, consumers.

14. What are the main products of the fertilizer industry?

Nitrogenous (urea), phosphatic, ammonium phosphate (DAP), complex (N, P, K). Potash imported. Expanded post-Green Revolution; half production in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala.

15. Why is cement essential, and what are its location factors?

Used in construction (houses, bridges, roads). Requires bulky limestone, silica, gypsum, coal, power, rail. Plants in Gujarat for Gulf markets; first in Chennai 1904, expanded post-Independence.

16. How has the automobile industry grown in India?

Produces trucks, buses, cars, scooters, three-wheelers. Liberalisation boosted demand with new models. Centres: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, etc. Healthy growth in passenger vehicles.

17. What is the role of the IT and electronics industry?

Covers transistors, TVs, phones, computers, telecom equipment. Bengaluru electronic capital; others Mumbai, Delhi. Generates employment; hardware/software growth key to success.

18. Discuss types of industrial pollution.

Air: Gases like SO2, CO, particulates from factories, fuels. Water: Wastes, effluents into rivers. Land: Dumping glass, chemicals, effluents. Noise: From machinery causing health issues.

19. How can industrial pollution of freshwater be reduced?

Reuse/recycle water, harvest rainwater, treat effluents in primary (mechanical), secondary (biological), tertiary (recycling) phases. Regulate groundwater overdrawing legally.

20. What measures has NTPC taken for environmental preservation?

Optimum equipment use, waste minimization, green belts, pollution reduction via ash pond management, recycling. Ecological monitoring, database for stations. ISO 14001 certified proactive approach.