CHAPTER-2 NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Key Concepts of the Lesson

Mahatma Gandhi and the Idea of Satyagraha

• The power of Truth & the need to search for truth
• Mental strength is more powerful than physical force
• First implemented in South Africa
• In India:
  • 1916 - Champaran: Struggle against oppressive plantation system
  • 1917 - Kheda: Support for peasants
  • 1918 - Ahmedabad: Cotton mill workers
• Hind Swaraj: Book by Gandhi, emphasized non-cooperation

The First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

• 13th April 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Amritsar, Punjab
• Effects of War:
  • Defense expenditure increased
  • Custom duties raised, Income tax introduced
  • Forced recruitment and epidemics spread
• Rowlatt Act 1919: Allowed detention without trial
• Non-cooperation programme adopted at Nagpur, Dec 1920
• Peasant movement in Awadh - led by Baba Ramachandra
• Inland Emigration Act 1859: Restricted plantation workers
• Tribal revolt led by Alluri Sitaram Raju in Andhra
• Khilafat agitation - Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali
• Chauri Chaura incident (1922) - led to withdrawal of NCM
• Swaraj Party founded by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
• Simon Commission (1928) and its boycott
• Lahore Congress session (1929) and Purna Swaraj demand
• Dandi March and Civil Disobedience Movement
• Salt as a protest symbol - essential and symbolic
• Repression - Gandhi-Irwin Pact and failed round table conference

Participation in Movement

• Rich peasants, poor peasants, business class, industrial workers in Nagpur
• Large scale participation of women
• Limited participation by untouchables
• Dr. Ambedkar's demand for separate electorate
• Poona Pact (1932): Reserved seats for depressed classes voted by general electorate

Nationalism and Collective Belonging

• Unity through struggle, folklore, songs
• Icons like Bharat Mata
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay & Abanindranath Tagore’s contribution

Short Answer Questions (3 Marks)

1. Why Non-Cooperation? What was the method used in the Movement?

   In Hind Swaraj, Gandhi stated British rule continued due to Indian cooperation. Methods included surrender of titles, boycotting services, foreign goods, and promoting Swadeshi.

2. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement slow down in cities?

   Khadi was expensive, lack of alternative institutions, students/teachers returned to govt. schools, lawyers to courts.

3. When did Simon Commission come to India? Why was it boycotted?

   Came in 1928. Boycotted due to no Indian members and no reference to Swaraj.

4. Who were the leaders of the Khilafat Movement? Why was it started?

   Ali Brothers (Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali). To oppose harsh treaty on Ottoman Empire post WWI.

5. What were the conditions of the Gandhi Irwin Pact?

   Signed on 5th March 1931. Gandhi agreed to attend Round Table Conference; govt. agreed to release political prisoners.

6. What were the decisions of the Lahore Congress session of 1929?

   Demand for Purna Swaraj, 26 Jan 1930 declared as Independence Day. Decision to launch Civil Disobedience.

7. How did WWI help the nationalist movement?

   Increased taxes, forced recruitment, famine, hardship - united Indians against the British.

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. This sense of collective belonging...

Folk tales, icons like Bharat Mata, and national symbols created unity. Tricolour flag and songs during Swadeshi and Civil Disobedience created collective pride and identity.

2. Describe the Dandi March

Gandhi marched 240 miles from Sabarmati to Dandi with 78 volunteers. On 6th April 1930, he made salt to defy British salt law, marking start of Civil Disobedience Movement.

3. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju?

Tribal leader from Guden Hills. Inspired people with Gandhian ideas, promoted Khadi and opposed alcohol, but believed in armed struggle for freedom.

Additional Questions

• Why was the response of Muslim political organizations lukewarm to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
• Significance of Jallianwala Bagh massacre
• Main demands and leader of the Awadh peasant movement
• Founder and achievements of Hindustan Socialist Republican Army

Map Questions

• Indian National Congress Sessions:
  • Calcutta (Sep. 1920)
  • Nagpur (Dec.1920)
  • Madras (1927)
  • Lahore (1929)
• Important Centers of Indian National Movement:
  • Champaran (Bihar) - Indigo Planters Movement
  • Kheda (Gujarat) - Peasant Satyagraha
  • Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Cotton Mill Workers
  • Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh
  • Chauri Chaura (UP) - Withdrawal of NCM
  • Bardoli (Gujarat) - No Tax Campaign
  • Dandi (Gujarat) - Civil Disobedience