🌾 Agriculture Q&A · CBSE

📖 Agriculture · India (CBSE questions)

📚 Chapter: Agriculture

Resources and Development

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1.

Classify resources on the basis of origin.

Ans :

[2018]

On the basis of origin resources are classified as biotic and abiotic resources.

2.

Give one difference between renewable and non-renewable resources.

[2017]

Ans :

Renewable: Replenished by nature and may be overused e. g., crops and plants.

Non-renewable: which get exhausted after years of use. e.g, crude oil.

3.

Give an example of non-renewable resources.

[2017]

Ans :

Coal/Minerals.

4.

What are resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised called?

[2015]

Ans :

Potential resources.

5.

Which resources are surveyed and determined on the basis of their quantity and quality for utilisation?

Ans :

[2014]

Developed resources.

6.

Give examples of abiotic resources.

[2014]

Ans :

Rocks and metals.

7.

Give examples of biotic resources.

[2014]

Ans :

Human beings, flora, fauna, fisheries, livestock, etc.

8.

Which relief features of India has 30 percent of the total surface area of country?

[SR 2014]

Ans :

Mountain.

9.

Which cold desert is relatively isolated from the rest of the country?

[SR 2014]

Ans :

Ladakh

10.

Which regions of India have well developed terrace farming?

[2015]

Ans :

Western and central Himalayas

11.

Which soil types is made up of lava flows?

[2014]

Ans :

Black soil.

12.

In which states has mining caused severe land degradation?

[2014]

Ans :

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

13.

What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area?

Ans :

[2014]

43%.

14.

What is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

Ans :

[2014]

Over irrigation.

15.

In which states is black soil found?

Ans :

[S.P. 2014, 2015]

Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

16.

Which soil is ideal for growing cotton?

Ans :

[S.R 2014, 2015]

Regur soil.

17.

In which states overgrazing is responsible for land degradation?

[2015]

Ans :

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

18.

In which states laterite soil is found?

[2015]

Ans :

Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.

19.

Which soil type is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rainfall?

[2015]

Ans :

Laterite soil.

20.

Name the land with deep channels that is unfit for cultivation.

[2016]

Ans :

Bad land.

21.

Which state has the largest area under black soil?

Ans :

[2016]

Maharashtra.

22.

What are the methods of checking soil erosion?

Ans :

[2017]

Strip cropping, terrace farming and contour ploughing.

23.

Gully erosion is common in which basin?

Ans :

[2017]

Chambal Basin.

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

24.

What is Agenda 21? List its two principles.

[2017]

Ans :

Agenda 21 was adopted at first International Earth Summit held in 1992 at Rio de Janerio Brazil.

The two principles are as follows:

1. To combat environmental damage, pov¬erty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
2. Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

25.

Why is it essential to have resource planning? Explain any three reasons.

[2017]

Ans :

1. If the present trend of resource depletion by few individuals continues, the future of our planet is in danger.
2. Planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises.

26.

In India, some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources”. Do you agree with the statement? Support your answer with any three examples.

[2017]

Ans :

Yes, there are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.

1. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
2. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.
3. Rajasthan is endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
4. Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but lacks in water resources and infrastructure.

27.

Distinguish between red soil and laterite soil stating any three points of distinction.

[2015]

Ans :

Red soil	Laterite soil
1. Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall.	Laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
2. Red soil is found in parts of Odisha and Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle of Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western ghats.	Laterite soil is mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
3. Red soil develops a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks	In laterite soil, humus content is very low.

28.

Which is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh? How can it be checked? Explain.

[2015]

Ans :

The main cause of land degradation is large scale overgrazing

Measures to check include:

1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
2. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
3. Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
4. Control on overgrazing.

29.

Describe any three measures of controlling land degradation.

[2015, 2014, 2012]

or

Explain any three steps taken to solve the problem of land degradation in India.

[2011]

Ans :

1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
2. Planting of shelter belts, control on over-grazing, stabilisation of sand dune by growing thorny bushes.
3. Proper management of wastelands, control of mixing activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and sub-urban areas are some of the methods to check land degradation.

30.

Mention any three features of arid soils.

[2014]

Ans :

Features of arid soils :

1. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
2. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
3. Due to dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
4. The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.

(Any three).

31.

‘Land is a natural resource of utmost importance’. Justify the statement with appropriate arguments.

[2014]

Ans :

1. We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use it in different ways.
2. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems.
3. It is an asset of a finite magnitude.

32.

Indiscriminate use of resources had led to numerous problems.’ Justify this statement.

[2014, 2012, 2011]

Ans :

Resources are vital for human survival and it was believed that resources are free gift of nature. The indiscriminate use of resources led to the following problems:

1. To satisfy the greed of few individuals, depletion of resources has continued.
2. Due to the accumulation of resources in few hands, the society gets divided into two segments, e.g., rich and poor.
3. Indiscriminate use of resources has ‘ led to ecological crises, e.g., ozone layer depletion, land degradation, global warming and environmental pollution.

33.

How can you contribute to minimize the pollution. Explain.

[2014]

Ans :

We can contribute to minimize the pollution by:

1. Planting more plants and trees.
2. Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar and wind energy.
3. Using public transport instead of personal car/ motor bike etc.
4. Saving water and electricity.

34.

Define the following terms:

1. Current fallow land
2. Other than current fallow
3. Cultural waste land

[2013]

Ans :

1. Current fallow land: Left uncultivated / for one or less than one agricultural year.
2. Other than current fallow: Left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years.
3. Cultural waste land: Left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years.

35.

Explain any three human activities responsible for land degradation in India.

[2013, 2012]

or

How are human activities responsible for the degradation of land?

[2012]

Ans :

1. Mining: Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars in states such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation.
2. Over irrigation: Over irrigation in the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, has caused water logging and increase in salinity of soil.
3. Overgrazing: Overgrazing in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra is a huge cause due to cattle population
4. Industries: Mineral processing industry like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust. This retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil.
5. Industrial waste: Industrial effluents also have become a major source of land degradation.

36.

Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions.

[2012]

or

What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

[2012]

Ans :

Methods of soil conservation:

1. Ploughing along the contour lines can decrease the speed of water flow down the slopes.
2. Step or terrace cultivation on slopes restricts erosion. Western and Central Himalayas have well-developed terrace farming.
3. Strip cropping: Here large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.
4. Shelter belt plantation: Trees are planted in rows. These shelter belts have led to the stabilisation of sand dimes and in stabilising the desert in western India.

37.

What is meant by the term “resource”? List the types of resources classified on the basis of its ownership.

[2012]

Ans :

1. Resource: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable is known as a resource.
2. Types of resources on the basis of ownership are: Individual, community, national and international.

38.

Distinguish between the renewable and nonrenewable resources.

[2012]

Ans :

1. Renewable resources: Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by mechanical, physical or chemical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources, e.g., solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
2. Non-renewable resources : These occur over very long geological times. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some of them such as fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.

39.

Distinguish between stock and potential resource. Give one example of each.

[2012]

Ans :

Stock	Potential resources:
1. They are found in the environment.	They are found in a region.
2. They are not accessed due to the lack of technology.	They have not been utilized or developed.
3. Example: Water is a compound of two 1 inflammable gases— hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical know- how to use them for this purpose.	Example: Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy but they are yet to be developed for various reasons.

40.

Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil.

[2012, 2011]

or

How are alluvial soils formed? How is Bangar different from Khadar?

[Marking Scheme, 2012]

Ans :

Alluvial soil: It is soil formed by the sediments deposited by river water.

S.No	Khadar soil	Bangar soil
1.	It is a new alluvial soil.	It is an old alluvial soil.
2.	Lower concentration of kankar nodules.	Higher concentration of kankar nodules.
3.	It has more fine particles.	It has less fine particles.
4.	It is more fertile.	It is less fertile.

41.

Explain any three factors responsible for soil formation.

[2012, 2011]

Ans :

1. The parent rock is the first factor which provides the basic material for the formation of soil.
2. Climate breaks the parent rock into small pieces.
3. Vegetation: Plant and animal organisms help in the weathering of the rocks slowly but continuously
4. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil.
5. Chemical and organic changes take place in the soil.

42.

Which geographical factors are responsible for the evolution of black soil? Why is it considered the most suitable for growing cotton?

[2012]

Ans :

1. Climatic conditions along with present rock material are important factors for making of black soil. The parent rock is volcanic rock.
2. It is ideal for growing cotton because of the following reasons:
3. It has capacity to hold moisture.
4. It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate and potash.
5. Deep cracks in the soil help in aeration.

43.

Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India?

[2012]

Ans :

Two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil erosion are deforestation and overgrazing, mining, construction, etc.

Types of Soil Erosion :

1. Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels/gullies. The unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.
2. Sheet erosion: water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The top soil is washed away.This process is known as sheet erosion.

44.

Differentiate between stock and reserve stating two points of difference.

[2011]

Ans :

1. Stock: Materials, which have the potential to satisfy human beings but human do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are termed as stock. We do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for a specific purpose, e.g., water which is a compound of two inflammable gases hydrogen and oxygen and can be a rich source of energy. We do not know how to use them.
2. Reserves: These are subset of the stock. They can be put into use with existing know-how but their use has not been started. For e.g., river water is used as a source of hydroelectricity but to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests, etc., are reserves which can be used in the future.

45.

Explain the types of resources on the basis of exhaustibility with the help of examples.

[2011]

Ans :

1. Renewable resources: Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by mechanical, physical or chemical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources, e.g., solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
2. Non-renewable resources: These occur over very long geological times. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some of them such as fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.

46.

What are the three stages of resource planning in India?

Ans :

[2012, 2011]

1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
2. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and, institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
3. Match the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

47.

Enumerate any three features of ‘regur’ soil.

[2011]

Ans :

Feature of ‘regur’ soil :

1. Regur soil is also known as black soil.
2. It is ideal for growing cotton, so it is also known as ‘black cotton soil’.
3. It is made up of extremely fine clayey material.
4. It is rich in soil nutrients, calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
5. It develops cracks in hot weather. It can hold moisture and is sticky when wet.

48.

Describe any five distinct characteristics of ‘Arid soils’.

[2015]

Ans :

1. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
2. Sandy in texture and saline in nature.
3. Evaporation is faster, soil lacks humus and moisture.
4. Soil occupied by Kankar.
5. Kankar restricts the infiltration of water.

49.

Why is soil considered as a resource? Explain with five arguments.

[2015]

Ans :

Soil is considered as a resource because :

1. It is used to satisfy our needs.
2. It is the most important renewable natural resource.
3. It is the medium of plant growth.
4. It supports different types of living organisms on the Earth.
5. It is the base of our life.

50.

What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give four main features of this type of soil.

Ans :

[2013]

Alluvial soil is found in the entire northern plain It is the most widely spread soil of India. Main features of alluvial soil:

1. It is formed by the deposition of materials brought down by the Himalayan rivers.
2. It is highly fertile.
3. It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
4. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime but deficient in organic matter.

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

51.

Explain resource planning. What are the steps involved in resource planning?

[2014]

or

Why is resource planning essential in India?

[2015]

or

What is resource planning? Why is resource planning essential? Explain it with three reasons.

[2015]

Ans :

Resource planning is a procedure of proper utilisation of resources. Resource planning is important because :

1. Resources in India are not evenly distributed. Some parts of the county are rich in one resource but deficient in other important resources which are essential. For example, Rajasthan is rich in solar and wind energy but lacks water resource. Jharkhand is rich in minerals and coal deposits but lack in industrialisation. This is the reason why resource planning is essential. An effective resource planning will help in effective use of the resources available in the environment.
2. Secondly, most of the resources present in our environment are limited. Therefore, if these resources are not preserved or not used rationally we will be in great trouble. For example : Petrol is a limited resource and it cannot be renewed. Exhaustion of petrol will create huge chaos in the country as we are extensively dependent on the petrol.
3. Thirdly, resource planning is important because it minimises the wastage or over utilisation of resources. The very first step of resource planning is to make a list of resources available in the environment. This helps us to assess which resources should be used and how much it should be used to prevent over utilisation and minimise wastage.

52.

Provide a suitable classification for resources on the basis of ownership. Mention main features of any three types of such resources.

Ans :

[2014]

On the basis of ownership resources can be classified into the following categories :

1. Individual resources : Resources owned by a person or an individual are called individual resources. For example-land owned by farmers, and houses are individual resources.
2. Community resources : Resources owned by a particular community or a society are called community owned resources. For example- Graveyard, grazing land, ponds, burial grounds and park ark community owned resources.
3. National resources : Resources owned by an individual nation are called national resources. For example -Government land, roads, canals and railways are national resources.
4. International resources : Resources regulated or governed by an international body are called international resources. For example-Ocean and sea beyond 200 km of the exclusive economic zone belongs to open sea or ocean. No individual country can utilise these resources without the permission of international bodies.

53.

Explain the resources on the basis of origin and exhaustibility.

Ans :

Resources on the basis of origin :

1. Biotic resources : Resources obtained from the environment are called biotic resources. For example-trees, animals and insects.
2. Abiotic resources : Resources obtain from non- living things present in our environment are termed as abiotic resources. For example-earth, air, water, metals, rocks, etc.

Resources on the basis of exhaustibility :

1. Renewable resources : The resources which have the ability to renew them over period of time or can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable resources. For example-solar and wind energy, water, forest and wildlife, etc.
2. Non-renewable resources : Resources which cannot be renewed or reproduced by any physical, chemical or mechanical process are known as non- renewable resource. For example- water, wind, tidal energy, etc.

54.

List the problems caused due to indiscriminate use of resources by human beings.

Ans :

Resources are essential for human survival. Initially, people believed that the resources are the free gift of nature. Therefore, they continuously exhausted the resources available in the environment without taking any preventive measures. As a matter of fact, they faced economic, social and ecological problems.

The major problems that cropped up due to over-exploitation, irrational consumption and indiscriminate use of resources are :

1. Exhaustion of resources : Due to over exploitation and irrational consumption, the resources exhausted at a rapid pace leaving very little or nothing for the future generation.
2. Concentration of resources : Concentration of resources in a few hands is also a major issue. The people with the maximum resources will use them for their own benefits leaving others empty handed. This will create a situation of have and have nots. This situation of have and have nots is unfavourable for the growth of the country as a whole.
3. Global ecological crisis : Global warming, depletion of ozone layer, population and land degradation are global ecological crises. This crisis situation is also an after effect of irrational or over utilisation of resources.

55.

How do technical and economical developments led to more consumption of resources?

Ans :

These days, technical and economical developments gain a colossus space. The government is also focusing more on technical and economical growth to make our county a fully developed country. In this process of technical and economical growth, the resources of our country are exhausting rapidly. Technological and economical developments have led to such rapid consumption of resources because of the following reasons :

1. New and improved equipments are introduced with the development of technology, which ultimately lead to an increase in the use of natural resources.
2. The technological advancement is attributed to the growth of a developing country. People of an economically developing nation consume more resources. Hence, we can safely say that an improvement in economic development of a nation will directly result in the increase of its people’s consumption of resources.
3. Development of new technologies is widely seen in developing economies. Due to economic development, the bright minds get an opportunity to experiment with their ideas. As a matter of fact, various materials are converted in to useful resources. This creates an atmosphere, which will see a steady increase in consumption of such available resources.

56.

‘Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving’. Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem.

Ans :

Energy is an essential requirement for economic development. The strategy of economic development that India has adopted since independence necessarily required increasing amount of energy consumption. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been rising. To take care of this concern, various measures that need to be adopted are as follows :

1. We need to increase the use of renewable energy resources like solar, wind power, biogas, tidal energy and geothermal energy. This will decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources.
2. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources. F or example, as a concerned citizen we can use public transport system in place of an individual vehicle.
3. Another measure that needs to be adopted is promotion of energy conservation, e.g., switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power saving devices. Thus, consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country.

57.

What is meant by ‘Land Resource’?

Ans :

We live on land and it satisfies our needs in all the possible ways. Land resource, thus is, of much importance for us which includes forests, mountains, plains, plateaus and islands. These support natural vegetation, wild life, economic activities, and transport and communication systems. Therefore, it is necessary for us to use these resources in a wise manner and with careful planning, we should develop holistic and ecological approach towards economic development without compromising the ability of resources to future generations to meet their needs. Though we have the right to meet our present needs by consuming natural resources, we should not deprive the future generations from it.

58.

Explain land use pattern in India and why the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61.

Ans :

Land in India has been divided into different categories with reference to usage. Different categories of land are:

1. Farming land which is

Print Culture and the Modern World – Key Questions & Answers

1 Mark Questions

1. Why did the Roman Catholic Church impose control over publishers and booksellers?

Ans: The Roman Catholic Church troubled by effects of popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers.

2. Which place had the breakthrough of first printing press?

Ans: The breakthrough of first printing press took place in Strasbourg in Germany.

3. Mention the technique adopted to educate white collar workers in Europe during the 19th century.

Ans: It was the technique of lending libraries to educate white collar workers in Europe during the 19th century.

4. Mention any one technique of preserving the manuscript of India.

Ans: These were preserved by pressing between the wooden covers or sewn together.

5. Who brought the print culture to Japan?

Ans: The print culture was brought to Japan by the Buddhist Missionaries from China.

6. Name the Chinese traditional book, which was folded and stitched at the side.

Ans: The traditional 'Accordion Book' of China was folded and stitched at the side because both the sides of the thin; porous sheets could not be printed.

7. Mention any one characteristic feature of the off- set press.

Ans: The offset press was able to print upto 6 colours at a time.

8. Name the first edition of the Indian religious text published in vernacular.

Ans: Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was the first edition of the Indian religious text published in vernacular.

9. Name the oldest Japanese book.

Ans: The Buddhist Diamond Sutra was the oldest Japanese book.

---

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

10. Why couldn't the production of hand written manuscripts satisfy the ever increasing demand for books? Give any three reasons.

Ans: The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books due to the following reasons:

1. In India, there is rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in different languages which were copied on palm leaves or on handmade papers.
2. These manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
3. They needed careful handling.

11. Explain any three features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in India.

Ans: The three features of the handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in India are:

1. In India, there is rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in different languages which were copied on palm leaves or on handmade papers.
2. These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile and needed careful handling.
3. These were preserved by pressing between the wooden covers or sewn together.
4. Reading the manuscripts was not easy as they were written in different styles which limits its use.

12. Explain any three factors responsible for the invention of new printing techniques.

Ans: The three factors responsible for the invention of new printing techniques were:

1. The handwritten manuscripts production was not sufficient to meet the demand.
2. These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile and needed careful handling.
3. It was expensive and time consuming to copy the handwritten manuscripts.

13. How were magazines different from novels? Write any three differences.

Ans: The three differences between the magazines and novels were:

1. The magazines had several stories whereas the novels had just one story.
2. The magazines were periodically published whereas the novels were one time publication.
3. There might be several writers of one magazine but the novels had only one author.

14. In what three ways did the printed books at first closely resemble the written manuscripts?

Ans: The three ways in which initially the printed books closely resembled the written manuscripts were:

1. Initially the printed books resembled the written manuscripts in appearance.
2. It resembled in layout as the metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles and the borders were illuminated by hand.
3. There was blank space for decoration in the books printed for the rich and the design was chosen by the buyer.

15. How did the print bring the reading public and hearing public closer?

Ans: Earlier the society was divided into the oral culture and reading culture. The common people had the oral culture while only the rich people had the reading culture. The common people heard the texts collectively which were read out or recited or narrated to them.

The reading culture was only limited to the elites and they only read the books individually and silently. The reason behind this culture may be the books were expensive, produced less in numbers and also the literacy rate was very low in most of the European countries.

To solve the problem of illiteracy as a barrier in the wider reach of the printed books, the popular ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with pictures were published which were sung and recited in the village gatherings and the taverns in towns.

Hence the line separating the oral culture and the reading culture started becoming blurred.

16. Describe wood-block printing.

Ans: Wood- block printing was a technique of printing the books by rubbing the paper against the inked surface of the woodblocks.

Marco Polo returned to Italy from China in the year 1295 and brought the technology of woodblock printing.

To meet the expanded demand for books the export of books increased, book fairs were held, organized the production of handwritten manuscripts and woodblock printing became more popular.

17. What was Protestant reformation?

Ans: Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote 95 theses in the year 1517 against the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

This action of Martin Luther led to the division within the church and marked the beginning of the Protestant reformers.

It was basically a movement for the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century.

18. Explain any three reasons which created a large number of new readers in the nineteenth century.

Ans: Three reasons which created a large number of new readers in the nineteenth century were:

1. During this period the literacy increased which increased the number of readers among the children, women and workers.
2. Primary education was made compulsory and hence the children became the important section of readers. The publishing industries started producing the school textbooks. In the year 1857, a children's press was set up in France for publishing the literature for children only which published the new works along with the old fairy and folk tales.
3. Technique of lending libraries to educate white collar workers in Europe during the 19th century.
4. Women became the important readers as well as writers. For women readers especially there was penny magazines.

19. What were the limitations of the written manuscripts in India? Explain.

Ans: The following were the limitations of the written manuscripts in India:

1. These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile and needed careful handling.
2. Reading the manuscripts was not easy as they were written in different styles which limits its use.
3. It was not used in everyday life by the common people.

20. Examine the role of missionaries in the growth of press in India.

Ans: The hand printing technology was introduced to Japan by the Buddhist missionaries of China around AD 768- 770. In 868 AD, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra was printed which is considered the oldest Japanese book. It contain 6 sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.

1. The Portuguese missionaries firstly brought the printing press to Goa in India in the mid-16th century.
2. The Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and Kanara languages in India.
3. Tamil texts were also printed (32 texts) and translated by the Dutch missionaries by the year 1710.

21. How did the knowledge of wood block printing come to Europe? Explain.

Ans:

1. The wood block printing was developed in China. In this technology the books were printed by rubbing the paper against the surface of the woodblocks.
2. Earlier the silk route was used by China to export silk and spices to Europe and in the 17th century through the same route Chinese paper reached Europe.
3. Marco Polo returned to Italy from China in the year 1295 and brought the technology of woodblock printing.
4. To meet the expanded demand for books the export of books increased, book fairs were held, organized the production of handwritten manuscripts and woodblock printing became more popular.

22. "By the end of 19th century a new visual culture was taking shape." Explain.

Ans: It is true to state that by the end of 19th century a new visual culture was taking shape. Lyrics, short stories, essays on social and political matters, visual images, calendars, caricatures and cartoons became the new forms of publications. Raja Ravi Varma was the famous painter in the 19th century India.

These new forms of publications popularized the ideas of modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture.

23. How did new form of popular literature appear in print targeting new audience in the 18th century? Explain with examples.

Ans: Lyrics, short stories, essays on social and political matters, visual images, calendars, caricatures and cartoons became the new forms of publications. These new forms of publications popularized the ideas of modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture.

Women's reading increased among the middle class because their lives and feeling began to be written.

For the easy and affordable access of the printed books to even the poor people very cheap, small books were published and also the public libraries were set up. Primary education was made compulsory and hence the children became the important section of readers. The publishing industries started producing the school textbooks.

24. Explain the effects of print culture in the religious sphere in early modern Europe.

Ans: The print culture helped in the circulation of ideas, debates and discussion. It was used by the rebellions to let the people know the truth and take action against the established authorities. The printed books were welcomed and also people had fear due to the rebellious and irreligious thoughts.

1. Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote 95 theses in the year 1517 against the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
2. Menocchio was a miller in Italy who interpreted the message of Bible. The Roman Catholic Church was enraged due to his view of god and creation.
3. The Roman Catholic Church started identifying such ideas, beliefs and persons who wrote against the church and thus Menocchio was hauled up twice and finally executed.
4. Several restrictions were put over the publishers and the booksellers by the church and also the church ordered them to follow the Index of prohibited books from 1558.

25. Who invented printing press? How did he develop the printing technology?

Ans: Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in 1430s at Strasbourg, Germany.

Most of his childhood was spent on a large agricultural estates where he saw wine and olive presses. He learnt polishing stones and created lead moulds.

The olive press was the model for the printing press and the moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.

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FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

26. The 'print revolution' had transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge." Analyse the statement.

Ans: Print revolution was a development in terms of producing the books in a newer and faster way which transformed the lives of the people, their relationship with information and knowledge and opened ways for newer perception in the world. The introduction of printing press brought the following changes - a new culture of reading emerged, cost of the books came down, reduced the time and labour engaged in publishing, produced multiple copies and the market got flooded with books.

The print culture helped in the circulation of ideas, debates and discussion. It was used by the rebellions to let the people know the truth and take action against the established authorities.

In the 17th and 18th centuries number of schools were opened by the churches to spread literacy in the villages and to the peasants and artisans which caused a virtual reading mania.

During this period the literacy increased which rose the number of readers among the children, women and workers.

27. How did print introduce debate and discussions? Explain any three points.

Ans:

1. The print culture spread the ideas of the great thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. They criticized tradition, custom, superstition, despotism and the authority of church. They wanted rule of reason, questioning and rationality.
2. Debate and dialogue started due to the coming of the print culture which resulted in the re-evaluation of the values, norms and the institutions. This had brought the idea of social revolution.
3. The morality of the royal powers were criticized and the social order was questioned. The cartoons and the caricatures revealed the sensual pleasures of the monarchs and the hardship of the common people. Hence, the people stood against the monarchy.
4. During the 19th century, people debated, interpreted and criticized the different religious beliefs like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. Some people campaigned for the reform whereas others countered the arguments of the reformers.
5. The printed materials and the newspapers spread the new ideas and also shaped the nature of debate which gave opportunity to the people to participate in the public debates.

28. "Printing press played a major role in shaping the Indian society of the 19th century." Analyse the statement.

Ans: Yes, it is true to say that Printing press played a major role in shaping the Indian society of the 19th century.

1. The Portuguese missionaries firstly brought the printing press to Goa in India in the mid-16th century.
2. During the 19th century, people debated, interpreted and criticized the different religious beliefs like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. Some campaigned for the reform whereas others countered the arguments of the reformers.
3. The printed materials and the newspapers spread the new ideas and also shaped the nature of debate which gave opportunity to the people to participate in the public debates.
4. Women's reading increased among the middle class because their lives and feeling began to be written and also the liberal husbands and fathers focused on their education.
5. For the easy and affordable access of the printed books to even the poor people very cheap, small books were published and also the public libraries were set up.

29. What was the attitude of the liberal and conservative Indians towards women's reading? How did women like Kailashbhashini Debi respond to this in their writings?

Ans: Women's reading increased among the middle class because their lives and feeling began to be written and also the liberal husbands and fathers focused on their education.

The conservative Hindu families believed that the literate girl would be widowed. The conservative Muslim families thought that by reading Urdu romances their women would be corrupted. Kailashbhashini Debi from Bengal, wrote about the experiences of the women such as how they are imprisoned at home, ignorance, forced work, unjust treatment at home and society etc.

30. Explain with examples the role of print culture in the bringing of the French revolution.

Ans: Three different arguments were put forward in connection with the print culture and the French revolution.

The print culture spread the ideas of the great thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. They criticized tradition, custom, superstition, despotism and the authority of church. They wanted rule of reason, questioning and rationality. Debate and dialogue started due to the coming of the print culture which resulted in the re- evaluation of the values, norms and the institutions. This had brought the idea of social revolution. The morality of the royal powers were criticized and the social order was questioned. The cartoons and the caricatures revealed the sensual pleasures of the monarchs and the hardship of the common people. Hence, the people stood against the monarchy.

It is not true to say that the print culture was the direct cause of the French revolution. The print culture spread the ideas but people were reading different kinds of literature in which people like Voltaire and Rousseau were also exposed. The people interpreted the things in their own way as they accepted some ideas and rejected others.

31. How had the earliest printing technology developed in the world? Explain with examples.

Ans: The development of the earliest printing technology can be traced as follows:

1. In the beginning the system of hand printing was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
2. The wood block printing was developed in China. In this technology the books were printed by rubbing the paper against the surface of the woodblocks.
3. The volume of the print increased in China due to the increase in the number of candidates in the civil services exam through which the candidates were recruited in the huge bureaucratic system.
4. 17th century urbanization in China also diversified the use of print in China. The scholar officials, merchants, rich women, wives and courtesans started the use of print.
5. The western printing techniques and mechanical presses reached the outpost of China and thus Shanghai became the hub of this new print culture.

32. Martin Luther remarked, "Printing is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one." Explain his remarks in the light of religious reforms that took place in Europe.

Ans: Martin Luther was a religious reformer. He wrote 95 theses in the year 1517 against the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

This action of Martin Luther led to the division within the church and marked the beginning of the Protestants reformers. Luther said that the 'printing is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one' because 5000 copies of his translated New Testament were sold within few weeks and also the 2nd edition came in the market in three months only.

Menocchio was a miller in Italy who interpreted the message of Bible. The Roman Catholic Church was enraged due to his view of god and creation.

The Roman Catholic Church started identifying such ideas, beliefs and persons who wrote against the church and thus Menocchio was hauled up twice and finally executed. Several restrictions were put over the publishers and the booksellers by the church and also the church ordered them to follow the Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

33. Printing technology gave women a chance to share their feelings with the world outside." Support the statement with any five examples.

Ans: 17th century urbanization in China also diversified the use of print in China. The scholar officials, merchants, rich women, wives and courtesans started the use of print. Women became the important readers as well as writers. For women readers especially there was penny magazines. These magazines were basically the manuals of proper behaviour and housekeeping.

1. Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot were some famous women novelists. These women novelists defined a new type of women with will, strength of personality, determination and power to think. Kailashbhashini Debi from Bengal, wrote about the experiences of the women such as how they are imprisoned at home, ignorance, forced work, unjust treatment at home and society etc.
2. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote about the miserable lives of the widows.
3. The Hindi printing discussed the issues like women's education, widow remarriage and national movement along with the household and fashion lessons.
4. Istri Dharm Vichar was published by Ram Chaddha of Punjab to teach women how to become an obedient wife.
5. The Khalsa Tract Society also wrote about the good qualities of women. It was basically in the form of dialogues.
6. The Battala in the central Calcutta was known for the printing of the popular books including the religious as well as obscene and scandalous literatures.

34. How did a new reading public emerge with the printing press? Explain.

Ans:

1. The introduction of printing press brought the following changes - a new culture of reading emerged, cost of the books came down, reduced the time and labour engaged in publishing, produced multiple copies and the market got flooded with books.
2. Earlier, the society was divided into the oral culture and reading culture. The common people had the oral culture while only the rich people had the reading culture.
3. The common people heard the texts collectively which were read out or recited or narrated to them.
4. The reading culture was only limited upto the elites and they only read the books individually and silently. The reason behind this culture may be the books were expensive, produced less in numbers and also the literacy rate was very low in most of the European countries.
5. To solve the problem of illiteracy as a barrier in the wider reach of the printed books, the popular ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with pictures were published which were sung and recited in the village gatherings and the taverns in towns. Hence the line separating the oral culture and the reading culture started becoming blurred.

The Age of Industrialisation – Key Questions & Answers

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Why the merchants and traders did turn their attention towards the countryside for production in Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ?

Ans: Production could not be expanded in the town because the urban trade and craft guilds regulated these issues in the towns strictly. Moreover, they did not allow free entry and lenient rules for outsiders.

2. Why were wages low in England during eighteenth centuries ?

Ans: In England during the Victorian Age, there was no shortage of human labour. Unemployed people, farmers and vagrants often moved through the cities in search of work. So, the industrialists had an ample supply of labour and no problem of high wage cost.

3. Give some examples of seasonal industries.

Ans: Gas works, breweries, book binding factories, dockyard works, repairing tasks in various other factories too.

4. Why was hand labour preferred in seasonal factories ?

Ans: In industries such as breweries and book binders, production was affected by the seasonal demands and changes. Hence, seasonal labours could be easily employed when the need arose. Moreover, as the supply of labour was high, it was easy to get such labourers and keep cost of production low.

5. Why the aristocrats in Victorian England demanded handmade products ?

Ans: Handmade products portrayed class, royalty, high tastes and refinement. They were unique in their own designs and carefully designed and finished, so they attracted the upper elites of the society more.

6. How did urbanisation help create opportunities ?

Ans: Urban activities like building up of roads, laying down railway lines, construction of new railways stations as railways were expanded too, drainage and sewers laid and river embankments created opportunities where people got employment.

7. Why were the women in England against Spinning Jenny ?

Ans: Women feared that they might lose their livelihood and these machines would overtake their positions so they started detesting the use of spinning Jenny in the factories.

8. By 1750’s Why the commercial networks of Indian traders did began to decline in India ?

Ans: The European trading companies secured huge concessions and trading privileges from various rulers and local courts that boosted their trade. After this, they secured monopoly rights to trade even. This impacted the trading activities of the Indian traders and merchants.

9. Who were Gomasthas ?

Ans: Gomasthas described as an Indian agent of the English East India Company who was paid to supervise weavers and craftsmen, collect supplies and deliver finished goods to the company at fixed rates. He always examined the quality of the cloth.

10. How was the relationship between the Gomasthas and the weavers ?

Ans: The Gomasthas were paid agents of the English company who were outsiders and not from the villages. He was arrogant and often marched into the villages with sepoys to beat up the weavers and craftsmen if they were late in supplying products.

11. What happened as a result of cotton being exported from India ?

Ans: As cotton was being exported to England, the availability of cotton in Indian markets was affected. Weavers had to pay high rates to purchase raw cotton which most of the weavers could not afford.

12. Why were merchants from towns in Europe began to move countryside in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Ans: During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cope up within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.

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THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

13. Describe any three major problems faced by Indian weavers in nineteenth century.

Ans: The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:

1. Their export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
2. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete with the mill-made products as they were much cheaper and also they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.

14. How did the seasonality of employment affect the lives of Indian workers during 18th century? Explain.

Ans: Gas work and breweries industries had seasonal demand of labour in the cold months. Likewise the book binders and the printers needed labour before December as they had to cater to the demand before the Christmas. The ships were also cleaned and repaired during the winter season. Due to the fluctuation of production with the season in these industries, hand labour was preferred and were employed for the season only.

15. Where were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set business in towns of England? Explain.

Ans: Urban crafts and trade guilds were associations of producers who trained the craftspeople, controlled the production and regulated the price and competition. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to sustain within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.

These trade guilds restricted the entry of the new people into the trade because monopoly rights were granted to them to produce and trade in specific products. This situation made the new merchants difficult to set up their business units in towns.

16. Why did the East India Company appoint gomasthas? Give three reasons.

Ans: The three reasons behind the appointment of gomasthas by the East India Company were:

1. Earlier due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market Britain found difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition.
2. The company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
3. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This prevention was done through the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.

17. Why was it difficult for East India Company to produce regular supplies of goods for export in the beginning? Explain.

Ans: Due to the following reasons the East India Company was facing difficulty to produce regular supplies of goods for export in the beginning:

1. There were number of trading companies in India such as French, Dutch and Portuguese who were competing for the woven cloth from the Indian weavers and merchants.
2. Due to the heavy competition and demand of the woven cloth, the Indian weavers and the supply merchants were keeping the prices high which was not profitable for the East India Company.
3. The East India Company did not had any exclusive trading rights or monopoly over trade in India.

18. How did industries develop in India in the second half of the nineteenth century? Explain.

Ans: Dwarkanath Tagore in Bengal, Paris like Dinshaw Petit Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata in Bombay and Seth Hukumchand, and a Marwari businessman set up first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.

These early entrepreneurs had accumulated wealth from the trade with China, the merchants of Madras from trade with Burma and the others from the trade with the Middle East and east Africa.

There were another group of entrepreneurs who had accumulated wealth from trade within India, supplying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and by financing the traders.

19. Describe the condition of the workers in the nineteenth century in England.

Ans: Due to the news of job opportunities in the city, large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.

But not all had such connections and that's why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

20. "In eighteenth century Europe, the peasants and artisans in the countryside readily agreed to work for the merchants." Explain any three reasons.

Ans: In eighteenth century Europe, the poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed to take the advance offered by the merchants and were willing to produce goods for them. Due to the following reasons:

1. During this time in the countryside the open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking for alternative source of income because they were dependent on the common lands and gathering of firewood, vegetables, berries, hay and straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of land which was not sufficient to provide work to all the family members.
2. It proved good for the peasants and artisans to work for the merchants as they could now remain in the countryside and continue with their small plot cultivation.
3. Their family income was supplemented and also they were able to engage all the family members as labour resources.

21. "The First World War created the favorable conditions for the development of industries in India." Support the statement with suitable examples.

Ans:

1. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war-needs production.
2. The Manchester imports declined in India.
3. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs.
4. Many new factories were set up and the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased and workers had to work for long hours.
5. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

22. Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.

Ans: The three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas were:

1. Earlier the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link with the weavers.
2. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in supply.
3. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain, could not sell to other buyers, the price for the cloth received from the Company was very low and the loans which they received from the company tied them with the company itself.

23. Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War? Give any three reasons.

Ans: The three reasons for the increase of the industrial production in India during the First World War were:

1. Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war needs production.
2. The Manchester imports declined in India.
3. Due to the prolonged war Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased.

24. Explain the effects of East India Company's exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade.

Ans: The effects of East India Company's exploitative methods of asserting monopoly over trade were as follows:

1. Many villagers refused taking loans and advances for doing the production.
2. They closed down their workshops and shifted back to agriculture work.
3. Some of them migrated to other villages to set up their looms.

25. Describe any three functions of gomasthas.

Ans: The three functions of gomasthas were:

1. Gomasthas were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
2. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.
3. Gomasthas acted arrogantly and often beat them for the delay in supply.

26. Why was East India Company keen on expanding textile exports from India during the 1760s? Explain any three reasons.

Ans: Even after the consolidation of the East India Company's power after the 1760s the Company was willing to expand the textile exports from India because of the following reasons:

1. First, the cotton industries had not yet expanded in Britain.
2. Second, great demand of the Indian fine textiles in Europe.
3. Earlier, due to the number of buyers of the woven cloth in the Indian market, Britain found difficulties in supply and also the supply merchants and the weavers could bargain and sell it to their best buyers. But after establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade, Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition. The Company took direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.

27. Who were the jobbers? Explain their main functions.

Ans: These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. The jobbers were employed to get new recruits. Thus they had authority and power. Later on they started demanding money and gifts for their favour and thus they controlled the lives of the workers.

28. Why did upper classes in Victorian period preferred things produced by hands?

Ans: The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie were the upper class people in the Victorian Britain who preferred hand- made things because these products symbolize refinement and class as they were better finished and carefully designed. They had the thinking that the machine- made goods were for export to the colonies.

29. Explain any three problems faced by the Indian weavers in 1850s.

Ans: The three problems faced by the Indian cotton weavers:

1. Their export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
2. Indian market flooded with Manchester imports.
3. Thus the Indian weavers could not compete with the mill-made products as they were much cheaper and also they were not getting supply of good quality raw cotton.

30. How did many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite tight economic controls imposed by the British government?

Ans: Many Indian entrepreneurs survived despite tight economic controls imposed by the British government due to the following reasons:

1. The Indian entrepreneurs did not want to compete with the Manchester goods therefore they produced cotton yarn rather than fabric which was either used by the Indian handloom weavers or exported to China.
2. During the Swadeshi Movement the people boycotted the foreign clothes.
3. The Indian industrial groups organized themselves and pressurized the government to increase tariff protection and for granting other concessions.

31. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British government on the Indian merchants in 19th century.

Ans: The three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in 19th century were:

1. After establishing political power in Bengal and Carnatic and the monopoly right to trade, Britain developed systems to control and eliminate the competition.
2. The Company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the Company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth.
3. By the end of the First World War a large sector of the Indian industries were under the control of the three biggest European managing agencies called Bird Heiglers and Company, Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner and Company. But mostly the finance was done by the Indian people whereas the investment and business decisions were taken by the European agencies and also the Indian businessmen were not allowed to join the chamber of commerce of the European merchantsindustrialists.

32. "Historians now have to increasingly recognize that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer." Analyse the statement.

Ans: The new industries were not able to displace the traditional industries. This can be proved with the fact that till the end of the 19th century less than 20% of the workforce were engaged in the technologically advanced industries and a large portion of the output was produced within the domestic units.

Food processing, building, pottery, glass work etc. were the non- mechanized sectors in which the changes were ordinary with small innovations.

The technological changes occurred very slowly because the new technology was very costly. The merchants and industrialists were highly cautious for its use as the machines often broke down and its repair was too expensive. These machines were not as effective as it was claimed by the investors and the manufacturers.

33. Describe the lifestyle of the British workers in the nineteenth century.

Ans: Due to the news of job opportunities in the city large number of people migrated from the countryside. This created a situation of abundance of labour in the market. Getting a job was dependent on the networks of friendship and kin relations in factories.

But not all had such connections and that's why they had to wait for weeks spending nights under the bridges or in the night shelters or the night refuges built by the private individuals or in the casual wards maintained by the poor law authorities. The abundance of labour, social connections in the factories, seasonality of work and welfare of the workers were the main issues which made the life of the workers miserable.

34. Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.

Ans: Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs production and also the Manchester imports declined in India, due to the prolonged war. Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs, many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts. Demands for workers increased and they had to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

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FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

35. "By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India." Support the statement with examples.

Ans: During the Swadeshi Movement the people boycotted the foreign clothes, and the Indian industrial groups organized themselves and pressurized the government to increase tariff protection and for granting other concessions.

Again the Indian industrialists shifted from the yarn production to cloth production because the Indian yarn export declined in China as the Chinese and Japanese mills became plenty in China.

Effects of the First World War on the Indian Industries - Indian mills regained the domestic market as the British mills were busy with the war- needs production and also the Manchester imports declined in India. Due to the prolonged war, Indian factories got an opportunity to produce for the war needs. Many new factories were set up, the old factories ran multiple shifts, demands for workers increased. Workers had to work for long hours. Due to the huge economic loss in the war, Britain could not regain its dominance over the export and thus the local industries consolidated their position in the home market.

36. Explain the role played by the advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products.

Ans: Advertisement is used since from the beginning to attract the buyers because it helps in making the product appear desirable and necessary.

The Manchester industrialists also put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes - to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, as a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product.

These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gave some idea about the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.

Initially, the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convince that there is divine approval to sell these products.

In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.

The calendars became most popular due to the following reasons - used even by the illiterates and poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which they see day after day through the year.

The figures of important personages, emperors and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements and calendars to expand the market of the product. These figures gave the message that this product is used by the royalty and hence it is of good quality and also if you respect these figures then give due respect to the product also.

37. Explain any five ways by which new markets and consumers were created in India by British manufacturers.

Ans: The five ways by which new markets and consumers were created in India by British manufacturers were:

1. The Manchester industrialists put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes - to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, for a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product.
2. These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers.
3. Initially the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convinced that there is divine approval to sell these products.
4. In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.
5. The calendars became the most popular due to the following reasons - used even by the illiterates and poor, hung in tea shops, hung in homes which they see day after day through the year.
6. The figures of important personages, emperors and Nawabs were also used in the advertisements and calendars to expand the market of the product. These figures gave the message that this product is used by the royalty and hence it is of good quality and also if you respect these figures then give due respect to the product also.
7. The Indian manufactures used the figures of the nationalists on the products and passed the message that if you love your nation then buy the Indian products.

38. Why were there frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages? Explain five reasons.

Ans: The following were the reasons for the frequent clashes between Gomasthas and weavers in the villages:

1. Earlier, the weavers dealt with the supply merchants who lived within the weaving villages and had a close link with the weavers whereas the gomasthas were outsiders who had no social link with the weavers.
2. The supply merchants were looking after the needs of the weavers whereas the gomasthas acted arrogantly and often heat them for the delay in supply.
3. Due to the new system of gomastha the weavers lost the space to bargain.
4. The weavers could not sell to other buyers.
5. The price for the cloth received from the Company was very low and the loans which they received from the Company tied them with the Company itself.

39. Throw light on production during the protoindustrialisation phase in Europe in the 17th and 18th century with an example.

Ans: The history of industrialisation began with the setting up of the first factories but there was large scale industrial production in England and Europe which the historians refer as proto-industrialisation.

The main features of proto-industrialisation were:

1. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the world trade and the colonies expanded which increased the demands of goods. The merchants were not able to cope up within towns because of the powerful urban crafts and trade guilds and therefore they moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants and artisans to produce for the international market and also supplied money to them.
2. These trade guilds restricted the entry, of the new people into the trade because monopoly rights were granted to them to produce and trade in specific products. This situation made the new merchants difficult to set up their business units in towns.
3. The poor peasants and artisans eagerly agreed to take the advance offered by the merchants and were willing to produce goods for them.
4. During this time in the countryside the open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. The cottagers and peasants were looking for alternative source of income because they were dependent on the common lands and gathering of firewood, vegetables, berries, vegetables, hay and straw for their livelihood. Many of them had small plots of land which was not sufficient to provide work to all the family members.
5. During this period London came to be known as the Finishing Centre because the finishing work of the cloth was done in London before it is exported in the international market.

40. Explain any three measures used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century.

Ans: The three measures used by producers to expand their markets in the 19th century were:

1. The Company took the direct control over the weavers through gomastha who were paid servants appointed by the company to supervise weavers, collect supplies and check the quality of the cloth. The Company also prevented the weavers from supplying the cloth to any other buyer. This prevention was done through the system of advances. The weavers were given loans to buy the raw materials and were made bound to supply it the gomastha only.
2. The jobbers were employed to get new recruit. These jobbers were old and trusted persons who got people from the villages, ensured them jobs and their settlement in the cities along with financial help during the times of crisis. Thus they had authority and power.
3. The Manchester industrialists also put labels (Made in Manchester) on the bundles of the cloth for the following purposes to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company known to buyers, for a mark of quality and to make the buyers feel confident about the product. These labels carried the words, texts, images and beautiful illustrations which gives some idea about the mind of the manufacturers, their calculations and the way they approach the buyers. Initially the images of gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati appeared on the labels for making the buyers convince that there is divine approval to sell these products. In order to make the products more popular the products were printed in the newspapers, magazines and the most important on the calendars.